Table 2.

Multiple linear regression model for the effect of commute time on school performance and mental health

	Academic Performance (OLS)		Mental Health Test Scores (OLS)
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
	coefficient (Std.)	P-value	coefficient (Std.)	P-value
Commuting time, hours	-0.143**	0.010	2.500***	0.000
	(0.055)		-0.535
Baseline Standardeized Math Scores	0.553***	0.000	-0.159	0.248
	(0.011)		-0.137
Baseline Mental Health Test Scores	-0.002**	0.015	0.579***	0.000
	(0.001)		-0.01
Age (years)	-0.153***	0.000	0.377***	0.006
	(0.014)		-0.136
Gender (male=1)	0.039**	0.006	-2.146***	0.000
	(0.014)		-0.238
Commuting ways(reference group: by walking)
Commutes by bike	-0.058	0.319	0.665	0.438
	-0.058		-0.857
Commutes by car	0.178**	0.001	-1.843**	0.031
	(0.055)		-0.849
Commutes by tricycle, electric bike, motorcycle and other	0.004	0.932	0.672	0.494
	(0.050)		-0.982
Household wealth(reference group: the bottom third)
Household wealth is in the middle third	0.035*	0.094	0.036	0.887
	(0.021)		-0.255
Household wealth is in the top third	0.031	0.19	-0.165	0.569
	(0.024)		-0.289
Family spending on education	<-0.001	0.751	<0.001	0.102
	(<0.001)		(<0.001)
Types of Hukou (urban=1)	0.022	0.642	0.46	0.352
	(0.048)		-0.493
Have any brothers and sisters(yes=1)	0.003	0.911	0.888**	0.024
	(0.024)		-0.39
Left-behind child(yes=1)	-0.072**	0.005	0.867**	0.015
	(0.026)		-0.353
Parents supervise homework(yes=1)	0.036*	0.067	0.663***	0.008
	(0.020)		-0.25
Father has high school education or above(yes=1)	0.051**	0.014	-0.155	0.642
	(0.021)		-0.333
Mother has high school education or above(yes=1)	0.038	0.15	-0.005	0.991
	(0.026)		-0.436
Father does farm work(yes=1)	-0.017	0.489	0.296	0.411
	(0.025)		-0.36
Mother does farm work(yes=1)	-0.061**	0.016	0.215	0.55
	(0.025)		-0.359
N	12,323	12,323	11,978	11,978
R-squared	0.3681	0.3681	0.3131	0.3131

Note: * p < 0.10, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01. P < 0.1 was considered statistically significant in this study