Table 3.
Predictors of incident stroke, intracranial haemorrhage, and all-cause mortality among patients with atrial fibrillation
| Ischaemic stroke | Intracranial haemorrhage | Mortality | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | HR (95% CI) | P value | HR (95% CI) | P value | HR (95% CI) | P value |
| Era | ||||||
| 2005–2009 | Ref | – | Ref | – | Ref | – |
| 2010–2014 | 0.84 (0.82–0.86) | <0.001 | 0.90 (0.86–0.94) | <0.001 | 0.83 (0.82–0.84) | <0.001 |
| 2015–2019 | 0.66 (0.64–0.69) | <0.001 | 0.78 (0.75–0.82) | <0.001 | 0.76 (0.75–0.77) | <0.001 |
| Age | ||||||
| <65 | Ref | – | Ref | – | Ref | - |
| ≥65 | 2.69 (2.58–2.81) | <0.001 | 1.98 (1.87–2.10) | <0.001 | 2.62 (2.60–2.65) | <0.001 |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | Ref | – | Ref | – | Ref | – |
| Female | 1.45 (1.41–1.48) | <0.001 | 0.96 (0.93–0.99) | .03 | 1.03 (1.02–1.04) | <0.001 |
| Race and ethnicity | ||||||
| White | Ref | – | Ref | – | Ref | – |
| Asian | 1.12 (1.08–1.17) | <0.001 | 1.94 (1.84–2.05) | <0.001 | 0.92 (0.91–0.93) | <0.001 |
| Black | 1.27 (1.21–1.34) | <0.001 | 1.42 (1.31–1.53) | <0.001 | 1.11 (1.09–1.12) | <0.001 |
| Hispanic | 1.13 (1.09–1.17) | <0.001 | 1.40(1.33–1.47) | <0.001 | 0.91 (0.90–0.91) | <0.001 |
| Native American | 0.87 (0.66–1.14) | .31 | 1.17(0.81–1.69) | .41 | 0.93 (0.87–0.98) | .009 |
| Others | 0.97 (0.90–1.05) | .44 | 1.19 (1.06–1.33) | .004 | 0.87 (0.86–0.89) | <0.001 |
| Co-morbidities | ||||||
| Diabetes | 1.10 (1.07–1.13) | <0.001 | 1.18(1.13–1.23) | <0.001 | 1.11 (1.10–1.12) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 1.20 (1.17–1.23) | <0.001 | 1.20 (1.16–1.25) | <0.001 | 0.92 (0.91–0.92) | <0.001 |
| Heart failure | 1.37 (1.34–1.41) | <0.001 | 1.14 (1.09–1.19) | <0.001 | 1.76 (1.75–1.78) | <0.001 |
| CKD | 1.44 (1.40–1.49) | <0.001 | 1.52 (1.45–1.60) | <0.001 | 1.65 (1.63–1.66) | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 0.90 (0.87–0.92) | <0.001 | 0.95 (0.91–0.99) | .009 | 0.73 (0.73–0.74) | <0.001 |
| CAD | 1.08 (1.05–1.11) | <0.001 | 0.98 (0.94–1.02) | .40 | 1.14 (1.13–1.15) | <0.001 |
| PAD | 1.33 (1.27–1.138) | <0.001 | 1.14 (1.06–1.22) | <0.001 | 1.33 (1.32–1.35) | <0.001 |
CAD, coronary artery disease; CI, confidence interval; CKD, chronic kidney disease; HR, hazard ratio; PAD, peripheral artery disease; Ref, reference category age, sex, race and ethnicity, cardiovascular co-morbidities (hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidaemia, heart failure, chronic kidney disease, coronary artery disease, and peripheral artery disease), and era were all included in the multivariable Cox regression analysis.