Table 4.

Differences in risk of ischaemic stroke, intracranial haemorrhage, and all-cause mortality between 2005–2009 and 2015–2019 by individual demographic characteristics

	Ischaemic stroke			Intracranial haemorrhage			All-cause mortality
Variables	HR (95% CI)	P value	P value for group difference	HR (95% CI)	P value	P value for group difference	HR (95% CI)	P value	P value for group difference
Age
<65	0.93 (0.84–1.03)	.18		0.97 (0.85–1.11)	.67		0.89 (0.87–0.91)	<0.001
≥65	0.65 (0.62–0.67)	<0.001	<0.001	0.77 (0.73–0.81)	<0.001	<0.001	0.75 (0.74–0.76)	<0.001	<0.001
Sex
Male	0.72 (0.68–0.75)	<0.001		0.79 (0.74–0.84)	<0.001		0.75 (0.74–0.76)	<0.001
Female	0.63 (0.60–0.66)	<0.001	<0.001	0.79 (0.74–0.85)	<0.001	0.19	0.77 (0.76–0.78)	<0.001	<0.001
Race and ethnicity
White	0.63 (0.61–0.66)	<0.001	–	0.76 (0.72–0.81)	<0.001	–	0.73 (0.72–0.74)	<0.001	–
Asian	0.77 (0.69–0.86)	<0.001	.001	0.73 (0.64–0.83)	<0.001	.82	0.87 (0.84–0.89)	<0.001	<0.001
Black	0.78 (0.68–0.89)	<0.001	.001	1.01 (0.83–1.23)	0.95	0.001	0.83 (0.80–0.85)	<0.001	<0.001
Hispanic	0.71 (0.65–0.77)	<0.001	.008	0.86 (0.76–0.98)	.02	.003	0.84 (0.83–0.86)	<0.001	<0.001
Native American	0.46 (0.23–0.91)	.03	.34	1.12 (0.43–2.92)	.82	.72	0.88 (0.75–1.03)	.10	.007
Others	0.79 (0.64–0.97)	.03	.03	0.76 (0.56–1.03)	.08	.58	0.92 (0.88–0.97)	.001	<0.001

CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio.

Hazard ratios represents the risks for each outcome in 2015–2019 compared with 2005–2009 (baseline and reference category) in different demographic groups. A hazard ratio <1 denotes a decline in risk in 2015–2019 compared with 2005–2009.

Age, sex, race and ethnicity (each category compared with Whites), cardiovascular co-morbidities (hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidaemia, heart failure, chronic kidney disease, coronary artery disease, and peripheral artery disease), and era (2005–2009 and 2015–2019 time periods) were included in the multivariable Cox regression analysis.

For race and ethnicity, each group is compared with Whites.