Figure 2.

Schematic presentation of insulin signalling pathways. Adapted from references: ²⁵, ²⁸ & ³⁵.

Footnotes: Figure Abbreviations

Akt/PKB = protein kinase B

GLP-1 = glucagon-like peptide 1

ATP = adenosine triphosphate

IRS = insulin receptor substrate

ADP = adenosine diphosphate

MAP kinase = mitogen activated protein kinase

cAMP= cyclic adenosine monophosphate

PACAP = pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide

DAG = diacylglycerol

PI3K = phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase

GIP = gastric inhibitory peptide /

PIPD1 & 2 = phosphatidylinositol dependent protein kinases 1 & 2

glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide

PKC = protein kinase C

Glucose- 6- P = glucose 6 phosphate

RAS = rat sarcoma protein

GLUT 2 = glucose transport protein 2

SHC =adaptor protein with src-homology

GLUT 4 = glucose transport protein 4

VIP= vasoactive intestinal peptide