Table 1.

Mediators of insulin secretion.

Stimulus	Nutrient	Hormone	Neural
Stimulatory	Glucose	Growth hormone	β-adrenergic
	Amino acids	Glucagon	Vagal
	(Ketones)	GLP-1	(parasympathetic)
		GIP
		Secretin
		Cholecystokinin
		Gastrin
		VIP
		Gastrin releasing peptide
Inhibitory		Adrenocorticosteroids	α-adrenergic
		Somatostatin
		Adrenalin
		Noradrenalin
		Galanin
		Neuropeptide Y
		Calcitonin gene-related peptide
		(CGRP)
		Prostaglandin E

Reference: Adapted from reference ¹⁷.