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. 2025 May 2;15:15400. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-96830-w

Table 3.

Simulation parameters and their initial values.

Parameter Value
Coverage area 100 Inline graphic 100 Inline graphic
Density of sensor node 100-500 nodes
Sink location (5,5)
Energy receive in free space 10 pJ/bit
Energy receive in multipath 0.0013 pJ/bit
Size of the data packets 800 bits
Energy per sensor node 0.5 J
Transmission range 15 m