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. 2025 Mar 5;44(9):2446–2472. doi: 10.1038/s44318-025-00405-4

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© The Author(s) 2025

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ applies to the data associated with this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data, but does not extend to the graphical or creative elements of illustrations, charts, or figures. This waiver removes legal barriers to the re-use and mining of research data. According to standard scholarly practice, it is recommended to provide appropriate citation and attribution whenever technically possible.

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(A) Northern blot analysis for determining the existence of miR-263a in nonviruliferous SBPH and healthy rice leaves; the signal was detected using a biotin-labeled LNA oligonucleotide probe for miR-263a. rRNA from SBPHs and rice was used as an internal control. Each sample includes two replicates. (B) Relative transcript level of miR-263a in the whole bodies, guts, and salivary glands (SGs) of nonviruliferous (N) and viruliferous (V) SBPH quantified by qPCR. SBPH U6 snRNA was used as an endogenous control. Eight biological replicates were prepared, with each replicate consisting of 5 insect bodies, 8 guts, or 10 salivary glands. P values from left to right, P = 1.48E−05 , P = 4.00E−04. (C) Northern blot showing the transcipt levels of miR-263a in the whole bodies of nonviruliferous and viruliferous SBPHs. SBPH U6 snRNA was used as an internal control. Each sample includes three replicates. P = 0.0296. (D, E) Relative transcript level of miR-263a and the RNA level of viral NP in nonviruliferous fourth-instar SBPH larvae after injected with the mixture of RSV crude extractions and agomir-263a/agomir-NC (D), or the mixture of RSV crude extractions and antagomir-263a/antagomir-NC (E) for 4 d. SBPH U6 snRNA and EF2 were used as an endogenous control for miR-263a and viral NP, respectively. Eight biological replicates were prepared, with each replicate consisting of 5 insect bodies. P values from left to right, P = 9.67E−05, P = 5.80E−05, P = 2.00E−04, P = 0.0085. For (B) to (E), values are presented as mean ± SE and were compared using Student’s t test. NS, no significant difference. *P < 0.05. **P < 0.01. ***P < 0.001. Source data are available online for this figure.