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. 2025 May 2;15:15460. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-98816-0

Table 5.

Feature classification of all algorithms.

Features Name
Evolution-based DE, GA
Swarm-based BAS, CSA, DA, GOA, GWO, IGWO, MFO, PSO, WOA, BAGWO
Physics-based SA
Others MVO, SCA