Abstract
Background and aims
Gastrointestinal symptoms are closely associated with psychological problems, such as anxiety and depression. This prospective before-after study aimed to explore whether progressive muscular relaxation training combined with music intervention, which is potentially beneficial for psychological conditions, can improve gastrointestinal symptoms.
Methods
A total of 623 recruits’ effective questionnaires before and after intervention were collected. They underwent progressive muscular relaxation training combined with music intervention for 4 weeks. They also completed the Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) for assessment of depression, the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) for assessment of anxiety, the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS) for assessment of gastrointestinal symptoms, and the Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS) for assessment of stool before and after interventions. Changes of psychological conditions and gastrointestinal symptoms were evaluated.
Results
The SDS (P<0.001), PHQ-9 (P<0.001), SAS (P<0.001), GAD-7 (P<0.001), and GSRS (P<0.001) scores were significantly decreased after intervention. The proportions of regurgitation (P<0.001), abdominal pain (P<0.001), dyspepsia (P<0.001), and constipation (P<0.001) evaluated by the GSRS were significantly decreased after intervention, but not diarrhea (P=0.601). The proportions of severe (P<0.001) and mild (P<0.001) constipation evaluated by the BSFS decreased after intervention, but those of severe (P=0.632) and mild (P<0.001) diarrhea evaluated by the BSFS increased.
Conclusion
Short-term progressive muscular relaxation training in combination with music intervention is potentially effective for most gastrointestinal symptoms, but not for diarrhea, in recruits.
Keywords: gastrointestinal symptom, psychology, anxiety, depression, music intervention, progressive muscular relaxation training, intervention
Introduction
Gastrointestinal symptoms, primarily abdominal pain, regurgitation, dyspepsia, diarrhea, and constipation,1,2 are common, with a prevalence of 61% (45,498/71,812) in the US general population.3 They negatively influence the quality of life and productivity and indicate the probability of functional or organic gastrointestinal diseases.4,5 It has been shown that gastrointestinal symptoms are closely associated with psychological problems, such as anxiety and depression.6–8 This association can be explained by the action of the brain-gut axis that an individual’s feelings can influence his or her gastrointestinal function, and vice versa. In addition, the gut microbiota, called the human second brain, plays a critical role in the regulation of the central nervous system.9,10 Thus, the correction of psychological problems should be clinically effective in improving gastrointestinal symptoms.
Military personnel is a special population that needs to complete high-intensity training every day and takes responsibility for war preparedness.11 Owing to high-stress conditions, they are more likely to develop various psychological and physical diseases.12,13 Recently, our group has demonstrated a significantly higher prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection, which is closely associated with functional (ie, irritable bowel syndrome)14 and organic gastrointestinal diseases (ie, peptic ulcer and gastric cancer),15 in the military population aged 17–25 years than in the civilian population of the same age (35.6% versus 25.9%, P=0.001).16 We also found a higher score on the Symptom Checklist 90, a traditional tool for the evaluation of psychological conditions, in recruits with gastrointestinal symptoms than those without.6 Therefore, it is reasonable to infer that psychological interventions may be beneficial for the prevention of gastrointestinal symptoms. Notably, considering the peculiarity of recruits in terms of their living environment and work burden, it is necessary to develop easy-to-use approaches to adjust their psychological conditions in recruits and further improve their gastrointestinal symptoms. Apart from their advantages in reducing anxiety and stress and promoting quality of life,17–22 progressive muscular relaxation training and music therapy are very convenient to implement in real-world scenarios, because only a broadcast is required without any psychiatrist. However, until now, it remains unclear about whether progressive muscular relaxation training and music therapy can be employed for preventing from gastrointestinal symptoms in military recruits. Thus, this prospective study was conducted to address this issue.
Methods
Study Design
The protocol for this prospective before-after study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the General Hospital of the Northern Theater Command. The ethical approval number is Y (2022) 162. All subjects signed their written informed consents before starting the study. This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
We screened all new recruits who joined a troop in September 2022 for eligibility. The exclusion criteria were as follows: 1) definite diagnosis of organic disorders in the gastrointestinal system; 2) missing variables in the questionnaires; 3) suspected accuracy of questionnaires; and 4) refusal of written informed consent.
Data Collection
We collected data including age, sex, history of alcohol consumption, smoking, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, Helicobacter pylori infection, family history of gastrointestinal diseases, and questionnaires related to gastrointestinal symptoms and psychological status.
Questionnaires
We employed two scales, the Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS)23 and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9),24 to measure the presence and grade of depression. The SDS includes 20 items, each of which is evaluated using the Likert 4-piont scale approach, including 1 point as symptoms never or rarely develop and 4 points as symptoms always or persistently develop. The total crude score was calculated as the sum of the scores for the 20 items. The standard total score was equal to the crude total score multiplied by 1.25. A standard total score of 53–62 points is defined as mild depression, 63–72 points as moderate depression, and ≥73 points as severe depression. The PHQ-9 includes 9 items, each of which is also evaluated using the Likert 4-piont scale approach, including 0 point as symptoms never or rarely develop and 3 points as symptoms develop almost every day. The total score was calculated as the sum of the scores for the 9 items. A total score of 0–4 points is defined as no depression, 5–9 points as mild depression, 10–14 points as moderate depression, 15–19 points as severe depression, and 20–27 points as very severe depression.
We employed two scales, the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS)25 and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7),26 to measure the presence and grade of anxiety. The SAS includes 20 items, each of which is assessed using the Likert 4-piont scale approach, including 1 point as symptoms never or rarely develop, and 4 points as symptoms always or persistently develop. The total crude score was calculated as the sum of the scores for the 20 items. The standard total score was equal to the crude total score multiplied by 1.25. A standard total score of 50–59 points is defined as mild anxiety, 60–69 points as moderate anxiety, and ≥70 points as severe anxiety. The GAD-7 includes 7 items, each of which is also assessed using the Likert 4-piont scale approach, including 0 point as symptoms never or rarely develop and 3 points as symptoms develop almost every day. The total score was calculated as the sum of the scores for the 7 items. A total score of 0–4 points is defined as no anxiety, 5–9 points as mild anxiety, 10–14 points as moderate anxiety, and 15–21 points as severe anxiety.
We used the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS) to assess 5 types of gastrointestinal symptoms and their severity.27 The GSRS includes 3 items related to abdominal pain, 2 items related to regurgitation, 4 items related to dyspepsia, 3 items related to diarrhea, and 3 items related to constipation. The severity of each gastrointestinal symptom was evaluated using the Likert 4-piont scale approach, with 0 point as asymptomatic and 3 points as the most severe. We also employed the Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS) to visualize 7 types of stools by illustrating schematic graphs and descriptions of the stool.28 Specifically, types 1 and 2 refer to constipation, types 3 and 4 refer to normal stools, and types 5–7 refer to diarrhea.
Five researchers (Jun Liu, Haoxu Lu, Shanshan Ma, Fudan Song, and Nanhai Qiao) have worked in the same troop for a long time and fruitful experiences in training new recruits. In the current study, they were responsible for distributing and retrieving Chinese version questionnaires to the participants. Additionally, if a participant did not understand the contents of questionnaires, they would make detailed explanations to maximize the accuracy of responses to each questionnaire. Before intervention, these questionnaires were answered on October 14, 2022. After intervention, they were answered again on November 20, 2022.
Psychological Interventions
We conducted two types of psychological intervention, progressive muscular relaxation training and music intervention, every day. It lasted for 4 weeks from October 15, 2022 to November 11, 2002.
Progressive muscle relaxation training is a type of behavioral therapy29 in which muscles of the whole body are gradually tightened and relaxed to reduce stress and physical symptoms. It is performed before sleep at night every day and lasts for 15 minutes each time. During the period of progressive muscle relaxation training, all recruits were placed in a flat-lying position and trained in accordance with the instructions of the broadcasts.
Music therapy is a type of psychotherapy30 in which meditation music is played often. It is performed before lunch breaks every day and lasts for 15 minutes each time. When music at 30–45 decibels is played, all recruits should be placed in a flat-lying position and asked to adjust the frequency of breathing and keep them relaxed. Light music, such as Annie’s Wonderland by Bandari, was utilized in this study.
Before the study, our researchers taught all enrolled participants about how to conduct the two psychological interventions. They were also responsible for monitoring whether the two psychological interventions had been conducted. However, it should be acknowledged that no board-certified music therapist had participated in the music intervention.
Sample Size Calculation
We had not estimated the sample size before initiating this study yet. This is primarily because it is a single-arm study without any control group. Additionally, all participants were from the same troop, and thus the number of participants was fixed.
Statistical Analyses
The SPSS statistical package software was used to perform all statistical analyses. Descriptive data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation and median (range) or frequency (percentage). Paired t-tests and chi-square tests were used to compare continuous and categorical variables before and after the psychological interventions. Differences were considered statistically significant at a two-sided P-value of <0.05.
Results
Participants
In total, 623 participants’ questionnaires were included in the final analysis (Table 1). Only 15 participants had a definite history of digestive diseases.
Table 1.
Characteristics of Participants
| Variables | No. pts | Mean ± Standard Deviation Median (range) or Frequency (percentage) |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 623 | 21 21.36 ± 1.43 |
| Male (%) | 623 | 612 (98.23%) |
| History of smoking (%) | 623 | 253 (39.35%) |
| History of drinking (%) | 623 | 316 (49.14%) |
| History of analgesic (%) | 623 | 11 (1.71%) |
| Definite history of Helicobacter pylori infection (%) | 623 | 3 (0.47%) |
| Family history of digestive diseases (%) | 623 | 2 (0.31%) |
| Definite history of digestive diseases (%) | 623 | 15 (2.33%) |
Depression by SDS
The SDS scores decreased significantly after the intervention (Table 2). The proportions of mild, moderate, and severe depression evaluated by the SDS also decreased after the intervention, but the differences in the proportions of mild and moderate depression evaluated by the SDS before and after the intervention were not statistically significant.
Table 2.
Differences in Outcomes of Interests Evaluated Before and After Intervention
| Outcomes of Interests Evaluated | No. pts | Before Intervention | After Intervention | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SDS score | 623 | 44.20±11.66 | 41.03±10.91 | <0.001 |
| Severity of depression according to the SDS | ||||
| Mild | 623 | 103 (16.53%) | 91 (14.61%) | 0.348 |
| Moderate | 623 | 45 (7.22%) | 34 (5.46%) | 0.201 |
| Severe | 623 | 9 (1.44%) | 1 (0.16%) | 0.011 |
| PHQ-9 score | 623 | 3.24±3.69 | 1.25±2.36 | <0.001 |
| Severity of depression according to the PHQ-9 | ||||
| Mild | 623 | 121 (19.42%) | 38 (6.10%) | <0.001 |
| Moderate | 623 | 36 (5.78%) | 5 (0.80%) | <0.001 |
| Severe | 623 | 9 (1.44%) | 2 (0.32%) | 0.034 |
| SAS score | 623 | 38.01±9.05 | 34.79±7.66 | <0.001 |
| Severity of anxiety according to the SAS | ||||
| Mild | 623 | 45 (7.22%) | 19 (3.05%) | <0.001 |
| Moderate | 623 | 13 (2.09%) | 3 (0.48%) | 0.012 |
| Severe | 623 | 3 (0.48%) | 1 (0.16%) | 0.624 |
| GAD score | 623 | 2.24±3.25 | 0.75±1.93 | <0.001 |
| Severity of anxiety according to the GAD | ||||
| Mild | 623 | 88 (14.13%) | 21 (3.37%) | <0.001 |
| Moderate | 623 | 23 (3.69%) | 3 (0.48%) | <0.001 |
| Severe | 623 | 7 (1.12%) | 1 (0.16%) | 0.033 |
| GSRS score | 623 | 22.64±7.35 | 19.08±5.13 | <0.001 |
| Type of gastrointestinal symptoms according to the GSRS | ||||
| Regurgitation | 623 | 130 (20.87%) | 63 (10.11%) | <0.001 |
| Abdominal pain | 623 | 235 (37.72%) | 110 (17.66%) | <0.001 |
| Dyspepsia | 623 | 462 (74.16%) | 350 (56.18%) | <0.001 |
| Diarrhea | 623 | 247 (39.65%) | 238 (38.20%) | 0.601 |
| Constipation | 623 | 464 (74.48%) | 268 (43.02%) | <0.001 |
| Bristol stool score | 623 | 3.58±0.04 | 4.05±0.04 | <0.001 |
| Type of stool according to the Bristol stool scale | ||||
| Type 1 Severe constipation | 623 | 23 (3.69%) | 4 (0.64%) | <0.001 |
| Type 2 Mild constipation | 623 | 31 (4.98%) | 10 (1.61%) | <0.001 |
| Type 3–4 Normal | 623 | 484 (77.69%) | 456 (73.19%) | 0.065 |
| Type 5 Lacking fiber | 623 | 64 (10.27%) | 97 (15.57%) | 0.005 |
| Type 6 Mild diarrhea | 623 | 20 (3.21%) | 54 (8.67%) | <0.001 |
| Type 7 Severe diarrhea | 623 | 1 (0.16%) | 3 (0.48%) | 0.632 |
Abbreviations: SDS, Self-Rating Depression Scale; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire; SAS, Self-Rating Anxiety Scale; GAD, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7; GSRS, Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale.
In 12.23% (57/466) of the participants without depression evaluated by the SDS before the intervention, depression developed after the intervention, which was mild (n=42), moderate (n=14), and severe (n=1) (Table 3). In 56.05% (88/157) of the participants with depression evaluated using the SDS before the intervention, depression disappeared after the intervention. In 58.25% (60/103) of the participants with mild depression evaluated using the SDS before the intervention, depression disappeared after the intervention. In 80% (36/45) of the participants with moderate depression evaluated by SDS before the intervention, depression improved (n=11) or disappeared (n=25) after the intervention. In all of the 9 participants with severe depression evaluated by SDS before the intervention, depression improved (n=6) or disappeared (n=3) after the intervention.
Table 3.
Changes in Depression by SDS and PHQ-9
| Outcomes of Interests Evaluated | Before Intervention | After Intervention |
|---|---|---|
| SDS | ||
| Developed | ||
| From no depression to any depression | 466 | 57 |
| From no depression to mild depression | 466 | 42 |
| From no depression to moderate depression | 466 | 14 |
| From no depression to severe depression | 466 | 1 |
| Disappeared | ||
| From any depression to no depression | 157 | 88 |
| From mild depression to no depression | 103 | 60 |
| From moderate depression to no depression | 45 | 25 |
| From severe depression to no depression | 9 | 3 |
| Improved | ||
| From any depression to a lower grade of depression | 157 | 17 |
| From mild depression to a lower grade of depression | 103 | Not applicable |
| From moderate depression to mild depression | 45 | 11 |
| From severe depression to mild/moderate depression | 9 | 6 |
| Unchanged | ||
| No depression remained | 466 | 409 |
| Any depression remained | 157 | 45 |
| Mild depression remained | 103 | 36 |
| Moderate depression remained | 45 | 9 |
| Severe depression remained | 9 | 0 |
| Worsened/deteriorated | ||
| From any depression to a higher grade of depression | 157 | 7 |
| From mild depression to moderate/severe depression | 103 | 7 |
| From moderate depression to severe depression | 45 | 0 |
| From severe depression to a higher grade of depression | 9 | Not applicable |
| PHQ-9 score | 3.24±3.69 | 1.25±2.36 |
| Developed | ||
| From no depression to any depression | 457 | 17 |
| From no depression to mild depression | 457 | 15 |
| From no depression to moderate depression | 457 | 2 |
| From no depression to severe depression | 457 | 0 |
| Disappeared | ||
| From any depression to no depression | 166 | 138 |
| From mild depression to no depression | 121 | 109 |
| From moderate depression to no depression | 36 | 26 |
| From severe depression to no depression | 9 | 3 |
| Improved | ||
| From any depression to a lower grade of depression | 166 | 15 |
| From mild depression to a lower grade of depression | 121 | Not applicable |
| From moderate depression to mild depression | 36 | 9 |
| From severe depression to mild/moderate depression | 9 | 6 |
| Unchanged | ||
| No depression remained | 457 | 440 |
| Any depression remained | 166 | 10 |
| Mild depression remained | 121 | 9 |
| Moderate depression remained | 36 | 1 |
| Severe depression remained | 9 | 0 |
| Worsened/deteriorated | ||
| From any depression to a higher grade of depression | 166 | 3 |
| From mild depression to moderate/severe depression | 121 | 3 |
| From moderate depression to severe depression | 36 | 0 |
| From severe depression to a higher grade of depression | 9 | Not applicable |
Abbreviations: SDS, Self-Rating Depression Scale; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire.
Depression by PHQ-9
The PHQ-9 score significantly decreased after the intervention (3.24±3.69 versus 1.25±2.36, P<0.001) (Table 2). The proportion of mild, moderate, and severe depression, evaluated using the PHQ-9 scale, also decreased after the intervention.
In 138 of the 166 participants with depression evaluated using the PHQ-9 before the intervention, depression disappeared after the intervention (Table 3). In 109 of the 121 participants with mild depression evaluated using the PHQ-9 before the intervention, depression disappeared after the intervention. In 35 of the 36 participants with moderate depression evaluated by the PHQ-9 before the intervention, depression improved (n=9) or disappeared (n=26) after the intervention. In all of the 9 participants with severe depression evaluated by the PHQ-9 before intervention, depression improved (n=6) or disappeared (n=3) after the intervention. In 17 of the 457 participants without depression evaluated by the PHQ-9 before the intervention, depression developed after the intervention, which was mild (n=15) and moderate (n=2).
Anxiety by SAS
The SAS score significantly decreased after the intervention (38.01±9.05 versus 34.79±7.66, P<0.001) (Table 2). The proportions of mild, moderate, and severe anxiety evaluated using the SAS also decreased after the intervention.
In 51 of the 61 participants with anxiety evaluated using the SAS before the intervention, anxiety disappeared after the intervention (Table 4). In 40 of the 45 participants with mild anxiety evaluated using the SAS before the intervention, anxiety disappeared after the intervention. In all of the 13 participants with moderate anxiety evaluated by the SAS before the intervention, anxiety improved (n=4) or disappeared (n=9) after the intervention. In all of the 3 participants with severe anxiety evaluated by the SAS before the intervention, anxiety improved (n=1) or disappeared (n=2) after the intervention. In 13 of the 562 participants without anxiety evaluated by the SAS before the intervention, anxiety developed after the intervention, which was mild (n=10), moderate (n=2), and severe (n=1).
Table 4.
Changes in Anxiety by SAS and GAD
| Outcomes of Interests Evaluated | Before Intervention | After Intervention |
|---|---|---|
| SAS score | ||
| Developed | ||
| From no anxiety to any anxiety | 562 | 13 |
| From no anxiety to mild anxiety | 562 | 10 |
| From no anxiety to moderate anxiety | 562 | 2 |
| From no anxiety to severe anxiety | 562 | 1 |
| Disappeared | ||
| From any anxiety to no anxiety | 61 | 51 |
| From mild anxiety to no anxiety | 45 | 40 |
| From moderate anxiety to no anxiety | 13 | 9 |
| From severe anxiety to no anxiety | 3 | 2 |
| Improved | ||
| From any anxiety to a lower grade of anxiety | 61 | 5 |
| From mild anxiety to a lower grade of anxiety | 45 | Not applicable |
| From moderate anxiety to mild anxiety | 13 | 4 |
| From severe anxiety to mild/moderate anxiety | 3 | 1 |
| Unchanged | ||
| No anxiety remained | 562 | 549 |
| Any anxiety remained | 61 | 4 |
| Mild anxiety remained | 45 | 4 |
| Moderate anxiety remained | 13 | 0 |
| Severe anxiety remained | 3 | 0 |
| Worsened/deteriorated | ||
| From any anxiety to a higher grade of anxiety | 61 | 1 |
| From mild anxiety to moderate/severe anxiety | 45 | 1 |
| From moderate anxiety to severe anxiety | 13 | 0 |
| From severe anxiety to a higher grade of anxiety | 3 | Not applicable |
| GAD-7 score | ||
| Developed | ||
| From no anxiety to any anxiety | 505 | 8 |
| From no anxiety to mild anxiety | 505 | 8 |
| From no anxiety to moderate anxiety | 505 | 0 |
| From no anxiety to severe anxiety | 505 | 0 |
| Disappeared | ||
| From any anxiety to no anxiety | 118 | 101 |
| From mild anxiety to no anxiety | 88 | 78 |
| From moderate anxiety to no anxiety | 23 | 20 |
| From severe anxiety to no anxiety | 7 | 3 |
| Improved | ||
| From any anxiety to a lower grade of anxiety | 118 | 6 |
| From mild anxiety to a lower grade of anxiety | 88 | Not applicable |
| From moderate anxiety to mild anxiety | 23 | 2 |
| From severe anxiety to mild/moderate anxiety | 7 | 4 |
| Unchanged | ||
| No anxiety remained | 505 | 497 |
| Any anxiety remained | 118 | 10 |
| Mild anxiety remained | 88 | 9 |
| Moderate anxiety remained | 23 | 1 |
| Severe anxiety remained | 7 | 0 |
| Worsened/deteriorated | ||
| From any anxiety to a higher grade of anxiety | 118 | 1 |
| From mild anxiety to moderate/severe anxiety | 88 | 1 |
| From moderate anxiety to severe anxiety | 23 | 0 |
| From severe anxiety to a higher grade of anxiety | 7 | Not applicable |
Abbreviations: SAS, Self-Rating Anxiety Scale; GAD, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7.
Anxiety by GAD-7
The GAD-7 score was significantly decreased after intervention (2.24±3.25 versus 0.75±1.93, P<0.001) (Table 2). The proportions of mild, moderate, and severe anxiety evaluated using the GAD-7 scale also decreased after the intervention.
In 101 of the 118 participants with anxiety evaluated by the GAD-7 before the intervention, anxiety disappeared after the intervention (Table 4). In 78 of the 88 participants with mild anxiety evaluated by the GAD-7 before the intervention, anxiety disappeared after the intervention. In 22 of the 23 participants with moderate anxiety evaluated by GAD-7 before the intervention, anxiety improved (n=2) or disappeared (n=20) after the intervention. In all of the 7 participants with severe anxiety evaluated by the GAD-7 before the intervention, anxiety improved (n=4) or disappeared (n=3) after the intervention. In 8 of the 505 participants without anxiety evaluated by GAD-7 before the intervention, anxiety developed after the intervention, which was mild (n=8).
Gastrointestinal Symptoms by GSRS
The GSRS score significantly decreased after the intervention (22.64±7.35 versus 19.08±5.13, P<0.001) (Table 2). The proportions of regurgitation (20.87% versus 10.11%, P<0.001), abdominal pain (37.72% versus 17.66%, P<0.001), dyspepsia (74.16% versus 56.18%, P<0.001), and constipation (74.48% versus 43.02%, P<0.001) evaluated by GSRS scale were also significantly decreased after the intervention, but the decrease in the proportion of diarrhea after the intervention (39.65% versus 38.20%, P=0.601) was not statistically significant.
Regurgitation
In 98 of the 130 participants with regurgitation evaluated by GSRS before the intervention, regurgitation disappeared after the intervention (Table 5). In 96 of the 127 participants with mild regurgitation evaluated using GSRS before the intervention, regurgitation disappeared after the intervention. In all of the 3 participants with moderate regurgitation evaluated by GSRS before the intervention, regurgitation improved (n=1) or disappeared (n=2) after the intervention. None of the participants had or developed severe regurgitation before or after intervention, respectively. In 31 of the 493 participants without regurgitation evaluated by GSRS before the intervention, regurgitation developed after the intervention, which was mild (n=31).
Table 5.
Changes in Gastrointestinal Symptoms by GSRS
| Outcomes of interests evaluated | Before intervention | After intervention |
|---|---|---|
| Regurgitation | ||
| Developed | ||
| From no regurgitation to any regurgitation | 493 | 31 |
| From no regurgitation to mild regurgitation | 493 | 31 |
| From no regurgitation to moderate regurgitation | 493 | 0 |
| From no regurgitation to severe regurgitation | 493 | 0 |
| Disappeared | ||
| From any regurgitation to no regurgitation | 130 | 98 |
| From mild regurgitation to no regurgitation | 127 | 96 |
| From moderate regurgitation to no regurgitation | 3 | 2 |
| From severe regurgitation to no regurgitation | 0 | Not applicable |
| Improved | ||
| From any regurgitation to a lower grade of regurgitation | 130 | 1 |
| From mild regurgitation to a lower grade of regurgitation | 127 | Not applicable |
| From moderate regurgitation to mild regurgitation | 3 | 1 |
| From severe regurgitation to mild/moderate regurgitation | 0 | Not applicable |
| Unchanged | ||
| No regurgitation remained | 493 | 462 |
| Any regurgitation remained | 130 | 29 |
| Mild regurgitation remained | 127 | 29 |
| Moderate regurgitation remained | 3 | 0 |
| Severe regurgitation remained | 0 | Not applicable |
| Worsened/deteriorated | ||
| From any regurgitation to a higher grade of regurgitation | 130 | 2 |
| From mild regurgitation to moderate/severe regurgitation | 127 | 2 |
| From moderate regurgitation to severe regurgitation | 3 | 0 |
| From severe regurgitation to a higher grade of regurgitation | 0 | Not applicable |
| Abdominal pain | ||
| Developed | ||
| From no abdominal pain to any abdominal pain | 388 | 36 |
| From no abdominal pain to mild abdominal pain | 388 | 36 |
| From no abdominal pain to moderate abdominal pain | 388 | 0 |
| From no abdominal pain to severe abdominal pain | 388 | 0 |
| Disappeared | ||
| From any abdominal pain to no abdominal pain | 235 | 161 |
| From mild abdominal pain to no abdominal pain | 220 | 151 |
| From moderate abdominal pain to no abdominal pain | 15 | 10 |
| From severe abdominal pain to no abdominal pain | 0 | Not applicable |
| Improved | ||
| From any abdominal pain to a lower grade of abdominal pain | 235 | 5 |
| From mild abdominal pain to a lower grade of abdominal pain | 220 | Not applicable |
| From moderate abdominal pain to mild abdominal pain | 15 | 5 |
| From severe abdominal pain to mild/moderate abdominal pain | 0 | Not applicable |
| Unchanged | ||
| No abdominal pain remained | 388 | 352 |
| Any abdominal pain remained | 235 | 66 |
| Mild abdominal pain remained | 220 | 66 |
| Moderate abdominal pain remained | 15 | 0 |
| Severe abdominal pain remained | 0 | Not applicable |
| Worsened/deteriorated | ||
| From any abdominal pain to a higher grade of abdominal pain | 235 | 3 |
| From mild abdominal pain to moderate/severe abdominal pain | 220 | 3 |
| From moderate abdominal pain to severe abdominal pain | 15 | 0 |
| From severe abdominal pain to a higher grade of abdominal pain | 0 | Not applicable |
| Dyspepsia | ||
| Developed | ||
| From no dyspepsia to any dyspepsia | 161 | 56 |
| From no dyspepsia to mild dyspepsia | 161 | 56 |
| From no dyspepsia to moderate dyspepsia | 161 | 0 |
| From no dyspepsia to severe dyspepsia | 161 | 0 |
| Disappeared | ||
| From any dyspepsia to no dyspepsia | 462 | 168 |
| From mild dyspepsia to no dyspepsia | 449 | 166 |
| From moderate dyspepsia to no dyspepsia | 13 | 2 |
| From severe dyspepsia to no dyspepsia | 0 | Not applicable |
| Improved | ||
| From any dyspepsia to a lower grade of dyspepsia | 13 | 9 |
| From mild dyspepsia to a lower grade of dyspepsia | 449 | Not applicable |
| From moderate dyspepsia to mild dyspepsia | 13 | 9 |
| From severe dyspepsia to mild/moderate dyspepsia | 0 | Not applicable |
| Unchanged | ||
| No dyspepsia remained | 161 | 105 |
| Any dyspepsia remained | 462 | 282 |
| Mild dyspepsia remained | 449 | 280 |
| Moderate dyspepsia remained | 13 | 2 |
| Severe dyspepsia remained | 0 | Not applicable |
| Worsened/deteriorated | ||
| From any dyspepsia to a higher grade of dyspepsia | 462 | 3 |
| From mild dyspepsia to moderate/severe dyspepsia | 449 | 3 |
| From moderate dyspepsia to severe dyspepsia | 13 | 0 |
| From severe dyspepsia to a higher grade of dyspepsia | 0 | Not applicable |
| Diarrhea | ||
| Developed | ||
| From no diarrhea to any diarrhea | 376 | 111 |
| From no diarrhea to mild diarrhea | 376 | 110 |
| From no diarrhea to moderate diarrhea | 376 | 1 |
| From no diarrhea to severe diarrhea | 376 | 0 |
| Disappeared | ||
| From any diarrhea to no diarrhea | 247 | 120 |
| From mild diarrhea to no diarrhea | 241 | 117 |
| From moderate diarrhea to no diarrhea | 6 | 3 |
| From severe diarrhea to no diarrhea | 0 | Not applicable |
| Improved | ||
| From any diarrhea to a lower grade of diarrhea | 247 | 3 |
| From mild diarrhea to a lower grade of diarrhea | 241 | Not applicable |
| From moderate diarrhea to mild diarrhea | 6 | 3 |
| From severe diarrhea to mild/moderate diarrhea | 0 | Not applicable |
| Unchanged | ||
| No diarrhea remained | 376 | 265 |
| Any diarrhea remained | 247 | 120 |
| Mild diarrhea remained | 241 | 120 |
| Moderate diarrhea remained | 6 | 0 |
| Severe diarrhea remained | 0 | Not applicable |
| Worsened/deteriorated | ||
| From any diarrhea to a higher grade of diarrhea | 247 | 4 |
| From mild diarrhea to moderate/severe diarrhea | 241 | 4 |
| From moderate diarrhea to severe diarrhea | 6 | 0 |
| From severe diarrhea to a higher grade of diarrhea | 0 | Not applicable |
| Constipation | ||
| Developed | ||
| From no constipation to any constipation | 159 | 26 |
| From no constipation to mild constipation | 159 | 25 |
| From no constipation to moderate constipation | 159 | 1 |
| From no constipation to severe constipation | 159 | 0 |
| Disappeared | ||
| From any constipation to no constipation | 464 | 222 |
| From mild constipation to no constipation | 374 | 188 |
| From moderate constipation to no constipation | 74 | 26 |
| From severe constipation to no constipation | 16 | 8 |
| Improved | ||
| From any constipation to a lower grade of constipation | 464 | 50 |
| From mild constipation to a lower grade of constipation | 374 | Not applicable |
| From moderate constipation to mild constipation | 74 | 42 |
| From severe constipation to mild/moderate constipation | 16 | 8 |
| Unchanged | ||
| No constipation remained | 159 | 133 |
| Any constipation remained | 464 | 187 |
| Mild constipation remained | 374 | 181 |
| Moderate constipation remained | 74 | 6 |
| Severe constipation remained | 16 | 0 |
| Worsened/deteriorated | ||
| From any constipation to a higher grade of constipation | 464 | 5 |
| From mild constipation to moderate/severe constipation | 374 | 5 |
| From moderate constipation to severe constipation | 74 | 0 |
| From severe constipation to a higher grade of constipation | 16 | Not applicable |
Abbreviation: GSRS, Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale.
Abdominal Pain
In 161 of the 235 participants with abdominal pain evaluated by the GSRS before the intervention, abdominal pain disappeared after the intervention (Table 5). In 151 of the 220 participants with mild abdominal pain evaluated by the GSRS before the intervention, abdominal pain disappeared after the intervention. In all of the 15 participants with moderate abdominal pain evaluated by the GSRS before the intervention, abdominal pain improved (n=5) or disappeared (n=10) after the intervention. None of the participants had or developed severe abdominal pain before or after the intervention, respectively. In 36 of the 388 participants without abdominal pain evaluated by GSRS before the intervention, abdominal pain developed after the intervention, which was mild (n=36).
Dyspepsia
In 168 of the 462 participants with dyspepsia evaluated by GSRS before the intervention, dyspepsia disappeared after the intervention (Table 5). In 166 of the 449 participants with mild dyspepsia evaluated by GSRS before the intervention, dyspepsia disappeared after the intervention. In 11 of the 13 participants with moderate dyspepsia evaluated by GSRS before the intervention, dyspepsia improved (n=9) or disappeared (n=2) after the intervention. None of the participants had or developed severe dyspepsia before or after intervention, respectively. In 56 of the 161 participants without dyspepsia evaluated by the GSRS before the intervention, dyspepsia developed after the intervention, which was mild (n=56).
Diarrhea
In 120 of the 247 participants with diarrhea evaluated by the GSRS before the intervention, diarrhea disappeared after the intervention (Table 5). In 117 of 241 participants with mild diarrhea evaluated using the GSRS before the intervention, diarrhea disappeared after the intervention. In all of the 6 participants with moderate diarrhea evaluated by the GSRS before the intervention, diarrhea improved (n=3) or disappeared (n=3) after the intervention. None of the participants had or developed severe diarrhea before or after the intervention, respectively. In 111 of the 376 participants without diarrhea evaluated by the GSRS before the intervention, diarrhea developed after the intervention, which was mild (n=110) and moderate (n=1).
Constipation
In 222 of the 464 participants with constipation evaluated by the GSRS before the intervention, constipation disappeared after the intervention (Table 5). In 188 of the 374 participants with mild constipation evaluated using the GSRS before the intervention, constipation disappeared after the intervention. In 68 of the 74 participants with moderate constipation evaluated by the GSRS before the intervention, constipation improved (n=42) or disappeared (n=26) after the intervention. In all of the 16 participants with severe constipation evaluated by the GSRS before the intervention, constipation improved (n=8) or disappeared (n=8) after the intervention. In 26 of the 159 participants without constipation evaluated by the GSRS before the intervention, constipation developed after the intervention, which was mild (n=25) and moderate (n=1).
Stool by Bristol Score
The proportions of severe (3.69% versus 0.64%, P<0.001) and mild (4.98% versus 1.61%, P<0.001) constipation decreased after the intervention, but those with severe (0.16% versus 0.48%, P=0.632) and mild (3.21% versus 8.67%, P<0.001) diarrhea increased after the intervention (Table 2).
In 23 participants with severe constipation evaluated by the Bristol score before the intervention, the type of stool was normalized (n=18) and changed to diarrhea (n=4) after the intervention (Table 6). In 31 participants with mild constipation evaluated by the Bristol score before the intervention, the type of stool was normalized (n=22) and changed to diarrhea (n=6) after the intervention. In one participant with severe diarrhea evaluated using the Bristol score before intervention, the type of stool remained (n=1) after the intervention. In 20 participants with mild diarrhea evaluated by the Bristol score before the intervention, the type of stool was normalized (n=6) and remained (n=14) after the intervention.
Table 6.
Changes in Type of Stool by Bristol Stool Scale
| Outcomes of Interests Evaluated | Before Intervention | After Intervention |
|---|---|---|
| Bristol stool score | ||
| Type 1 Severe constipation | ||
| Improved or normalized Type 3–4 | 23 | 18 |
| Unchanged or kept constipation Type 1–2 | 23 | 1 |
| Changed to diarrhea Type 5–7 | 23 | 4 |
| Type 2 Mild constipation | ||
| Improved or normalized Type 3–4 | 31 | 22 |
| Unchanged or kept constipation Type 1–2 | 31 | 3 |
| Changed to diarrhea Type 5–7 | 31 | 6 |
| Type 3–4 Normal | ||
| Unchanged or kept normal Type 3–4 | 484 | 374 |
| Changed to constipation Type 1–2 | 484 | 9 |
| Changed to diarrhea Type 5–7 | 484 | 101 |
| Type 5 Lacking fiber | ||
| Improved or normalized Type 3–4 | 64 | 35 |
| Changed to constipation Type 1–2 | 64 | 1 |
| Unchanged or kept diarrhea Type 5–7 | 64 | 28 |
| Type 6 Mild diarrhea | ||
| Improved or normalized Type 3–4 | 20 | 6 |
| Changed to constipation Type 1–2 | 20 | 0 |
| Unchanged or kept diarrhea Type 5–7 | 20 | 14 |
| Type 7 Severe diarrhea | ||
| Improved or normalized Type 3–4 | 1 | 0 |
| Changed to constipation Type 1–2 | 1 | 0 |
| Unchanged or kept diarrhea Type 5–7 | 1 | 1 |
Discussion
Our study demonstrated a reduction in depression and anxiety after progressive muscle relaxation training combined with music intervention. Indeed, the benefits of music therapy in various clinical scenarios have been widely recognized.31–37 Similarly, numerous studies have comprehensively evaluated the effects of progressive muscular relaxation training on anxiety, depression, quality of life, quality of sleep, and other outcomes in diverse populations, including basketball athletes,38 nursing students,39,40 psychiatric patients,41,42 COVID-19 patients,43,44 patients with pulmonary resection,45 individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder,46 patients with endometriosis,18 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass graft surgery,17 and older people47 (Supplementary Table 1). However, to the best of our knowledge, the impact of their combination has never been explored in recruits, who are at high risk of developing psychological problems, yet.
Based on the currently available evidence, it seems that progressive muscular relaxation training and music intervention are beneficial for the improvement of anxiety and depression. However, the effects of progressive muscular relaxation on sleep quality remain controversial. Ziv et al compared the effects of progressive muscular relaxation and music therapy on insomnia in 15 older adults, and found that music therapy was superior to progressive muscular relaxation in sleep efficiency.47 More notably, progressive muscular relaxation may deteriorate sleep quality. Similarly, in another study by Blanaru et al including 13 individuals with posttraumatic stress disorders, music relaxation not only improved objective and subjective sleep efficiency, but also reduced depression; however, muscular relaxation was not beneficial for sleep efficiency.46 For comparison, our study was designed in which progressive muscular relaxation was performed at night. In this setting, progressive muscular relaxation might compromise the sleep quality of recruits, which is potentially harmful to gastrointestinal symptoms. Therefore, the limitations of our study design should be acknowledged. Future studies should adjust the time at which progressive muscular relaxation is performed to noon.
A major finding of our study was the decrease in the proportion of four gastrointestinal symptoms (regurgitation, abdominal pain, dyspepsia, and constipation), but not diarrhea, after the two psychological interventions. This clinical benefit in terms of gastrointestinal symptoms should be partially attributed to improvements in psychological status. First, studies by our group and others suggest an obvious interaction between psychological problems and gastrointestinal symptoms, primarily due to the brain-gut axis.6,48 Second, previous studies also indicate that various therapies, including music therapy, can improve the symptoms associated with irritable bowel syndrome, reduce the pain and anxiety, and increase the satisfaction during colonoscopy,49,50 and decrease the nausea and vomiting after chemotherapy.51,52 However, the lack of an effect on diarrhea warrants further investigation. Based on the GSRS results, 120 of the 247 participants with diarrhea before intervention did not have diarrhea after intervention, and 111 of the 238 participants with diarrhea after intervention did not have diarrhea before intervention, suggesting only a limited overlap between the two groups of participants with diarrhea before and after intervention. Similarly, based on the results of the Bristol stool scale, 10 participants with constipation and 101 with normal stool developed diarrhea. Taken together, the two interventions should be efficacious for the improvement of diarrhea to some extent, but cannot prevent its de novo occurrence. However, regardless of GSRS or Bristol stool scale, de novo diarrhea should be common in our recruits. Further studies are warranted to explore the pathogenesis of this clinical symptom, including psychological, environmental, dietary, and regional factors, and to establish novel approaches for screening, prevention, and treatment.
The absence of a control group without psychological intervention was a major limitation of our study. In the setting of a single-arm design, investigators can only compare anxiety, depression, and gastrointestinal symptoms before and after intervention, but do not adjust the effects of other factors on them. An ongoing randomized controlled trial by our group will address this issue.
Recruit adherence to the two relaxation techniques during the study period was another limitation of our study. We sent out broadcasts on time and reminded all participants to complete the progressive muscular relaxation training and music intervention. Considering that their daily schedules of training and resting were fixed, their objective adherence should be good. However, the possibility of poor subjective adherence cannot be ignored. Owing to the large number of participants included in our study, it was very difficult to monitor the participants’ completeness of these interventions in a one-to-one manner.
The third limitation should be that organic gastrointestinal diseases, for which psychological interventions might be hardly effective, were not sufficiently excluded from our study. However, it should be acknowledged that imaging and endoscopy, which are often required for a diagnosis of organic gastrointestinal diseases, are unavailable or neglected in most of cases. Regardless, we recommend that further diagnostic approaches should be performed if participants have persistent gastrointestinal symptoms.
Besides, according to the World Federation of Music Therapy or the American Music Therapy Association, music therapy should be administered by a board-certified or trained music therapist to accomplish individualized goals. However, no credentialed professional researcher has participated in completing music interventions in the current study.
The last limitation is that the participants’ responses may be biased. They should have recognized the purpose of our study, and thus may be inclined to answer with an improvement of psychological conditions and gastrointestinal symptoms. Additionally, considering that this study was led by military officers, it is more likely that the recruits gave positive responses after intervention. However, we have acknowledged that the participants’ responses should be honest and unbiased. Indeed, based on our daily observations, military recruits hardly denied the presence of their true discomfort.
In conclusion, a combination of progressive muscular relaxation training with music intervention should be considered in recruits to improve anxiety and depression and manage regurgitation, abdominal pain, dyspepsia, and constipation, but not diarrhea. These findings suggest the potential benefits of psychological intervention in the recruits. Thus, they may be incorporated into the routine subjects of recruits’ training. Certainly, in the future, these findings should be validated in well-designed, randomized controlled trials where no additional intervention should be designed in a control group. Additionally, the management of diarrhea in this population is an important issue that deserves further exploration.
Acknowledgments
Jun Liu, Tingwei Liu, Haoxu Lu, and Xinyuan Zhao are co-first authors for this study.
Funding Statement
This study was partially supported by grants from the “Three Elites and One Team” sponsorship program of the Joint Logistic Support Force of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army and the Independent Research Funding of General Hospital of Northern Theater Command (ZZKY2024018).
Data Sharing Statement
Data supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, XQ, upon reasonable request.
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
References
- 1.Vivier H, Ross EJ, Cassisi JE. Classification of gastrointestinal symptom patterns in young adults. BMC Gastroenterol. 2020;20(1):326. doi: 10.1186/s12876-020-01478-7 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Black CJ, Drossman DA, Talley NJ, Ruddy J, Ford AC. Functional gastrointestinal disorders: advances in understanding and management. Lancet. 2020;396(10263):1664–1674. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32115-2 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Almario CV, Ballal ML, Chey WD, Nordstrom C, Khanna D, Spiegel BMR. Burden of Gastrointestinal Symptoms in the United States: results of a Nationally Representative Survey of Over 71,000 Americans. Am J Gastroenterol. 2018;113(11):1701–1710. doi: 10.1038/s41395-018-0256-8 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Oustamanolakis P, Tack J. Dyspepsia: organic versus functional. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2012;46(3):175–190. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e318241b335 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Aziz I, Simrén M. The overlap between irritable bowel syndrome and organic gastrointestinal diseases. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;6(2):139–148. doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(20)30212-0 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Liu T, Liu J, Wang C, et al. Prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms and their association with psychological problems in youths. Ann Palliat Med. 2023;12(2):311–323. doi: 10.21037/apm-22-1316 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Ballou S, Katon J, Singh P, et al. Chronic diarrhea and constipation are more common in depressed individuals. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;17(13):2696–2703. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2019.03.046 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Aggarwal Dutta R, Ely SL, Cunningham NR. The utility of an anxiety screening measure in youth with functional abdominal pain disorders and clinical characteristics associated with presence of anxiety. Clin J Pain. 2021;37(8):616–622. doi: 10.1097/AJP.0000000000000952 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Ross EJ, Cassisi JE, Joseph D, Dunn ME, Jex S. Cross-lagged analyses between gastrointestinal symptoms, psychological distress, and disability in emerging adults. Appl Psychol Health Well Being. 2022;14(3):920–936. doi: 10.1111/aphw.12358 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Peppas S, Pansieri C, Piovani D, et al. The brain-gut axis: psychological functioning and inflammatory bowel diseases. J Clin Med. 2021;10(3):377. doi: 10.3390/jcm10030377 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Inoue C, Shawler E, Jordan CH, Moore MJ, Jackson CA. Veteran and Military Mental Health Issues. Treasure Island (FL) ineligible companies: StatPearls; 2023. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Jia K, An L, Wang F, et al. Aggravation of Helicobacter pylori stomach infections in stressed military recruits. J Int Med Res. 2016;44(2):367–376. doi: 10.1177/0300060515593768 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Wang C, Liu J, An Y, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of Helicobacter pylori infection in military personnel: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2022;65(1):23–28. doi: 10.4103/IJPM.IJPM_1084_20 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14.Wang C, Yin Y, Wang L, Guo X, Liu L, Qi X. Association between Helicobacter pylori infection and irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Postgrad Med J. 2023;99(1169):166–175. doi: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2021-141127 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 15.Li Y, Choi H, Leung K, Jiang F, Graham DY, Leung WK. Global prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection between 1980 and 2022: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;8(6):553–564. doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(23)00070-5 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 16.Wang C, Liu J, Shi X, et al. Prevalence of helicobacter pylori infection in military personnel from Northeast China: a cross-sectional study. Int J Gen Med. 2021;14:1499–1505. doi: 10.2147/IJGM.S308572 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 17.Dehdari T, Heidarnia A, Ramezankhani A, Sadeghian S, Ghofranipour F. Effects of progressive muscular relaxation training on quality of life in anxious patients after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Indian J Med Res. 2009;129(5):603–608. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 18.Zhao L, Wu H, Zhou X, Wang Q, Zhu W, Chen J. Effects of progressive muscular relaxation training on anxiety, depression and quality of life of endometriosis patients under gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist therapy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2012;162(2):211–215. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2012.02.029 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 19.Hassanpour-Dehkordi A, Jalali A. Effect of progressive muscle relaxation on the fatigue and quality of life among Iranian aging persons. Acta Med Iran. 2016;54(7):430–436. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 20.Maratos AS, Gold C, Wang X, Crawford MJ. Music therapy for depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;1:Cd004517. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004517.pub2 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 21.de Witte M, Pinho ADS, Stams GJ, Moonen X, Bos AER, van Hooren S. Music therapy for stress reduction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Psychol Rev. 2022;16(1):134–159. doi: 10.1080/17437199.2020.1846580 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 22.Roddis JK, Tanner M. Music therapy for depression. Res Nurs Health. 2020;43(1):134–136. doi: 10.1002/nur.22006 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 23.Dunstan DA, Scott N. Clarification of the cut-off score for Zung’s self-rating depression scale. BMC Psychiatry. 2019;19(1):177. doi: 10.1186/s12888-019-2161-0 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 24.Costantini L, Pasquarella C, Odone A, et al. Screening for depression in primary care with patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9): a systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2021;279:473–483. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.09.131 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 25.Dunstan DA, Scott N. Norms for Zung’s self-rating anxiety SCALE. BMC Psychiatry. 2020;20(1):90. doi: 10.1186/s12888-019-2427-6 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 26.[Annex 1 Generalized anxiety disorder 7]. Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi. 2014;42:12. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 27.Revicki DA, Wood M, Wiklund I, Crawley J. Reliability and validity of the gastrointestinal symptom rating scale in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Qual Life Res. 1998;7(1):75–83. doi: 10.1023/A:1008841022998 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 28.Blake MR, Raker JM, Whelan K. Validity and reliability of the Bristol Stool Form Scale in healthy adults and patients with diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016;44(7):693–703. doi: 10.1111/apt.13746 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 29.Molassiotis A. A pilot study of the use of progressive muscle relaxation training in the management of post-chemotherapy nausea and vomiting. Eur J Cancer Care. 2000;9(4):230–234. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2354.2000.00220.x [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 30.Kemper KJ, Danhauer SC. Music as therapy. South Med J. 2005;98(3):282–288. doi: 10.1097/01.SMJ.0000154773.11986.39 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 31.Applewhite B, Cankaya Z, Heiderscheit A, Himmerich H. A systematic review of scientific studies on the effects of music in people with or at risk for autism spectrum disorder. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(9):5150. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19095150 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 32.Geretsegger M, Fusar-Poli L, Elefant C, Mössler KA, Vitale G, Gold C. Music therapy for autistic people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022;5(5):Cd004381. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004381.pub4 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 33.Bradt J, Dileo C, Myers-Coffman K, Biondo J. Music interventions for improving psychological and physical outcomes in people with cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;10(10):Cd006911. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006911.pub4 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 34.Erkkilä J, Punkanen M, Fachner J, et al. Individual music therapy for depression: randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry. 2011;199(2):132–139. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.110.085431 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 35.Erkkilä J, Brabant O, Hartmann M, et al. Music therapy for depression enhanced with listening homework and slow paced breathing: a randomised controlled trial. Front Psychol. 2021;12:613821. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.613821 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 36.Aalbers S, Fusar-Poli L, Freeman RE, et al. Music therapy for depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;11(11):Cd004517. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004517.pub3 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 37.Bieleninik L, Geretsegger M, Mossler K, et al. Effects of improvisational music therapy vs enhanced standard care on symptom severity among children with autism spectrum disorder: the TIME-A randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2017;318(6):525–535. doi: 10.1001/jama.2017.9478 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 38.Battaglini MP, Pessôa Filho DM, Calais SL, et al. Analysis of progressive muscle relaxation on psychophysiological variables in basketball athletes. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(24):17065. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192417065 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 39.Toqan D, Ayed A, Joudallah H, et al. Effect of progressive muscle relaxation exercise on anxiety reduction among nursing students during their initial clinical training: a quasi-experimental study. Inquiry. 2022;59:469580221097425. doi: 10.1177/00469580221097425 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 40.Gallego-Gómez JI, Balanza S, Leal-Llopis J, et al. Effectiveness of music therapy and progressive muscle relaxation in reducing stress before exams and improving academic performance in Nursing students: a randomized trial. Nurse Educ Today. 2020;84:104217. doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2019.104217 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 41.Içel S, Başoğul C. Effects of progressive muscle relaxation training with music therapy on sleep and anger of patients at community mental health center. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2021;43:101338. doi: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2021.101338 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 42.Vancampfort D, Correll CU, Scheewe TW, et al. Progressive muscle relaxation in persons with schizophrenia: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Clin Rehabil. 2013;27(4):291–298. doi: 10.1177/0269215512455531 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 43.Liu K, Chen Y, Wu D, Lin R, Wang Z, Pan L. Effects of progressive muscle relaxation on anxiety and sleep quality in patients with COVID-19. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2020;39:101132. doi: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101132 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 44.Xiao CX, Lin YJ, Lin RQ, Liu AN, Zhong GQ, Lan CF. Effects of progressive muscle relaxation training on negative emotions and sleep quality in COVID-19 patients: a clinical observational study. Medicine. 2020;99(47):e23185. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000023185 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 45.Aksu NT, Erdogan A, Ozgur N. Effects of progressive muscle relaxation training on sleep and quality of life in patients with pulmonary resection. Sleep Breath. 2018;22(3):695–702. doi: 10.1007/s11325-017-1614-2 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 46.Blanaru M, Bloch B, Vadas L, et al. The effects of music relaxation and muscle relaxation techniques on sleep quality and emotional measures among individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder. Ment Illn. 2012;4(2):e13. doi: 10.4081/mi.2012.e13 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 47.Ziv N, Rotem T, Arnon Z, Haimov I. The effect of music relaxation versus progressive muscular relaxation on insomnia in older people and their relationship to personality traits. J Music Ther. 2008;45(3):360–380. doi: 10.1093/jmt/45.3.360 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 48.Warreman EB, Nooteboom LA, Terry MB, et al. Psychological, behavioural and biological factors associated with gastrointestinal symptoms in autistic adults and adults with autistic traits. Autism. 2023;27(7):2173–2186. doi: 10.1177/13623613231155324 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 49.Ko SY, Leung DY, Wong EM. Effects of easy listening music intervention on satisfaction, anxiety, and pain in patients undergoing colonoscopy: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Clin Interv Aging. 2019;14:977–986. doi: 10.2147/CIA.S207191 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 50.Spagnuolo R, Corea A, Blumetti M, et al. Effects of listening to music in digestive endoscopy: a prospective intervention study led by nursing. J Adv Nurs. 2020;76(11):2993–3002. doi: 10.1111/jan.14516 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 51.Dadkhah B, Anisi E, Mozaffari N, Amani F, Pourghasemian M. Effect of music therapy with periorbital massage on chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in gastrointestinal cancer: a randomized controlled trail. J Caring Sci. 2019;8(3):165–171. doi: 10.15171/jcs.2019.024 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 52.Zhong FP, Zhong J, Zhong MY. Effect of music therapy on chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in gastrointestinal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Gastrointest Surg. 2023;15(3):471–479. doi: 10.4240/wjgs.v15.i3.471 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
Data supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, XQ, upon reasonable request.