Fig. 1.

Electrochemical stability of PVH against Li metal anode. a Galvanostatic voltage profiles of Li|PVH|Li symmetric cells at 0.1 mA cm⁻². b Photographs of PVH and Li metal after 50 h cycling at 0.1 mA cm⁻². c Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, d Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) profiles, and e Raman spectra of PVH after 0, 1, 10, and 50 h cycling at 0.1 mA cm⁻². The scale bars in c are 5 μm. All tests are conducted at 25 °C unless otherwise stated