Fig. 3.

Characterizations of cycled PVH-IM. a SEM images of PVH-IM after 0, 1, 10, and 50 h cycling at 0.1 mA cm⁻². b Schematic and c corresponding patterns of the in situ XRD measurements of PVH-IM. XPS spectra of d PVH and e PVH-IM after 0, 1, 10, and 50 h cycling at 0.1 mA cm⁻². f LUMO energy diagrams of DMF, PVH, LiTFSI, and In-MOF. To simplify the LUMO energy calculation, the numbers of vinylidene fluoride units and hexafluoropropylene units in the PVH molecular chains are fixed as one