Table 3.
Univariate and multivariate analyses for attitude dimension.
|
|
Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||||||||||
|
|
ORa (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | ||||||||
| Intrinsic motivation | 1.081 (1.057-1.106) | <.001 | 1.082 (1.057-1.108) | <.001 | ||||||||
| Sex | ||||||||||||
|
|
Male | Refb | —c | Ref | — | |||||||
|
|
Female | 0.721 (0.509-1.020) | .07 | 0.801 (0.546-1.177) | 0.26 | |||||||
| Age (years) | ||||||||||||
|
|
<35 | Ref | — | — | — | |||||||
|
|
35-39 | 1.080 (0.716-1.625) | .71 | — | — | |||||||
|
|
≥40 | 0.944 (0.594-1.502) | .81 | — | — | |||||||
| Ethnicity | ||||||||||||
|
|
Han | Ref | — | — | — | |||||||
|
|
Ethnic minority | 0.918 (0.200-4.697) | .91 | — | — | |||||||
| Marital status | ||||||||||||
|
|
Unmarried | Ref | — | Ref | — | |||||||
|
|
Married | 1.391 (0.922-2.098) | .12 | 1.239 (0.787-1.950) | .36 | |||||||
| Given birth (number of children) | ||||||||||||
|
|
No | Ref | — | Ref | — | |||||||
|
|
Yes | 1.415 (0.946-2.114) | .09 | 1.325 (0.845-2.080) | .22 | |||||||
| Mortgage or debt pressure | ||||||||||||
|
|
No | Ref | — | — | — | |||||||
|
|
Yes | 0.940 (0.641-1.374) | .75 | — | — | |||||||
| Field of specialization | ||||||||||||
|
|
Internal medicine | Ref | — | — | — | |||||||
|
|
Surgery | 0.930 (0.453-1.891) | .84 | — | — | |||||||
|
|
Anesthesiology | 0.692 (0.373-1.256) | .23 | — | — | |||||||
|
|
Emergency medicine | 1.113 (0.559-2.191) | .76 | — | — | |||||||
|
|
Other | 1.294 (0.517-3.362) | .59 | — | — | |||||||
| Education | ||||||||||||
|
|
Bachelor’s degree | Ref | — | — | — | |||||||
|
|
Master’s degree | 1.034 (0.718-1.491) | .89 | — | — | |||||||
|
|
Doctorate or above | 0.991 (0.528-1.891) | .98 | — | — | |||||||
| Hospital level | ||||||||||||
|
|
Public tertiary hospital | Ref | — | — | — | |||||||
|
|
Other | 1.445 (0.913-2.325) | .12 | 1.341 (0.797-2.256) | .27 | |||||||
| Teaching hospital | ||||||||||||
|
|
No | Ref | — | — | — | |||||||
|
|
Yes | 0.781 (0.458-1.307) | .36 | — | — | |||||||
| Average monthly income per capita income (US $) | ||||||||||||
|
|
5000 or less | Ref | — | Ref | — | |||||||
|
|
5001-10,000 | 2.265 (1.059-4.917) | .04 | 2.099 (0.919-4.796) | .08 | |||||||
|
|
10,001-20,000 | 1.691 (0.789,3.679) | .18 | 1.521 (0.663-3.490) | .32 | |||||||
|
|
More than 20,000 | 1.877 (0.671,5.406) | .23 | 1.609 (0.519-4.990) | .41 | |||||||
|
|
Prefer not to disclose | 1.214 (0.522,2.856) | .65 | 1.205 (0.482-3.012) | .69 | |||||||
| Relatives working in research | ||||||||||||
|
|
No | Ref | — | Ref | — | |||||||
|
|
Yes | 0.859 (0.563-1.318) | .48 | 0.744 (0.469,1.179) | .21 | |||||||
|
|
Unsure | 0.491 (0.159-1.437) | .20 | 0.370 (0.114,1.204) | .10 | |||||||
| Number of research project led or deeply participated in | ||||||||||||
|
|
None | Ref | — | — | — | |||||||
|
|
1~2 projects | 0.966 (0.660-1.419) | .86 | — | — | |||||||
|
|
3-5 projects | 0.935 (0.513-1.730) | .83 | — | — | |||||||
| Number of research training or seminars you have attended | ||||||||||||
|
|
None | Ref | — | Ref | — | |||||||
|
|
Approximately 1-2 times | 0.949 (0.604-1.488) | .82 | 0.921 (0.559-1.519) | .75 | |||||||
|
|
3-5 times | 0.656 (0.360-1.194) | .17 | 0.589 (0.306-1.132) | .11 | |||||||
|
|
More than 5 times | 0.857 (0.530-1.382) | .53 | 0.683 (0.403-1.159) | .16 | |||||||
| Research atmosphere in your team | ||||||||||||
|
|
Poor | Ref | — | — | — | |||||||
|
|
Average | 1.194 (0.688-2.054) | .53 | — | — | |||||||
|
|
Good | 0.933 (0.545-1.582) | .80 | — | — | |||||||
| Rate your mentor or department head’s research competence | ||||||||||||
|
|
Poor or very poor | Ref | — | — | — | |||||||
|
|
Average | 0.711 (0.278-1.750) | .46 | — | — | |||||||
|
|
Good | 1.187 (0.468-2.893) | .71 | — | — | |||||||
|
|
Excellent | 1.140 (0.448-2.791) | .78 | — | — | |||||||
aOR: odds ratio.
bReference values.
cNot applicable.