Avifauna of the El Pambilar Wildlife Refuge in Ecuador

Abstract

Background

The Pambilar Wildlife Refuge (RVSP) is a well-preserved forest on the northern coast of Ecuador and an important refuge for birds, particularly for species with distributions restricted to the Chocó. Data were collected over 83 days from 7 October 2013 to 28 August 2019. This dataset contains 3,638 records, representing 116 orders, 39 families, 120 genera and 158 species.

New information

This dataset represents the first article published on the avifauna of the El Pambilar Wildlife Refuge (RVSP) including information collected from 2013 to 2019. It includes taxonomic data collected over several years, as well as detailed information on the location, sampling effort and dates of the surveys. All data are available at the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF).

Introduction

The Chocó-Darién ecoregion has been internationally recognised as one of the areas with the greatest biodiversity on the Planet. This ecoregion covers northwest South America and mainly includes the humid tropical and montane forests of eastern Panama, the Pacific slope of Colombia and northwest Ecuador (WWF Colombia 2008). In particular, in the Ecuadorian Chocó, there are approximately 10,000 species of vascular plants, which represents around 25% of the flora recorded in Ecuador. Between 13% and 20% of these species are endemic, highlighting the uniqueness and fragility of this ecosystem (Vázquez et al. 2005).

The Chocó Region is notable not only for its biodiversity, but also for its high endemism, with a total of 257 endemic species having been identified, including 162 plants and 95 species of fauna, amongst which are 57 species of amphibians, 18 of reptiles and 20 of birds (Bonilla and Valoyes 2020a, Bonilla and Valoyes 2020b).

Despite its immense biological and cultural importance, the Chocó-Darién ecoregional complex faces significant threats. Since the second half of the 20^th century, natural landscapes have undergone an accelerated transformation, mainly due to the conversion of forest into grasslands or land destined for crops (WWF Colombia 2008). These changes are driven by the expansion of the road network and economic integration processes, both nationally and transnationally, which have resulted in the loss and fragmentation of habitats. In Ecuador, the pressures from logging companies in search of new production areas are especially concerning.

The Ecuadorian Chocó, recognised globally for its biodiversity and high rates of endemism, faces serious threats, mainly due to deforestation caused by activities such as logging, agricultural expansion, land-use conversion and mining (Palacios and Jaramillo 2016, Conservation International 2019). In 1970, more than 80% of the region was covered by forest. However, in recent decades, the growing demand for wood products and land conversion into African palm and shrimp farms, have caused the loss of about 85% of the original forest cover (Sierra et al. 2003).

The RVSP is located in the Province of Esmeraldas, in northwest Ecuador (Fig. 1). It covers an area of 3,123 hectares and ranges between 200 and 360 m above sea level (Ministerio del Ambiente 2011). The RVSP aims to contribute to the conservation of the tropical humid forests in the Chocó Region. Notable for its high humidity and exceptional biodiversity, the RVSP stands out as a key area for conservation of biodiversity (Ministerio del Ambiente 2011).

Figure 1.

Location of El Pambilar Wildlife Refuge (RVS Pambilar) in Ecuador (top right, red star) and its boundaries (red polygon). The refuge is situated within the Chocó-Darién Moist Forests region (yellow polygon). The four trails surveyed within the RVS Pambilar are marked with dotted lines: Puma, Pambil, Saltarin, and Jaguar.

Given the threats and exceptional diversity of the Chóco-Darién, it is important to implement conservation measures to protect these ecosystems and ensure the survival of their unique biodiversity.

Sampling methods

Sampling description

The data were obtained from observations carried out over 87 days by Javier Pianchiche (JP), Alex Garofalo (AG) and José Bonilla (JB), park rangers of the El Pambilar Wildlife Refuge (RVSP). These records were complemented by Edith Montalvo (EM), researcher at the National Polytechnic School and Luis Daniel Montalvo (LDM), researcher at the University of Florida.

Each census consisted of observations conducted along the trails in the early morning or late afternoon under favourable weather conditions. Each census lasted between two and three days and was repeated on subsequent dates. Observations were made using Zeiss 8 x 40 or Bushnell 8 x 30 binoculars. The Xeno-canto website was used for identifying and comparing bird songs.

Data collection was carried out using a combination of methods and observers, including mist netting, transect surveys and point counts. The RVSP features four trails: Pambil, Puma, Saltarín and Jaguar, each approximately 2 km in length. On the Jaguar trail, 10 mist nets (12 m x 3 m) were deployed for six days, while transects were established along the Pambil, Puma and Saltarín trails and surveyed over a period of 83 days.

The data were collected from 7 October 2013 to 28 August 2019, as detailed below:

Park Rangers JP, AG and JB conducted audiovisual recordings on the Puma, Pambil and Saltarín trails from 6:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. on the following dates:

• 2013, sampling occurred over 8 days. The observation dates were 7, 17 and 28 October; and 8, 18, 19 and 27 November as well as 6 December.

• 2017, observations took place over 21 days on the following dates: 20, 21, 26, 27, 28 and 29 September; 3, 4, 24 and 25 October; and 7, 8, 14, 15, 16 and 17 November ; as well as 12, 13, 14, 15 and 16 December.

• 2018, there were 27 sampling days on the following dates: 17, 29 and 30 May; 13, 14, 19 and 20 June; 12, 24, 25 and 30 July; 28 August; 1, 12, 13 and 21 September; and 1, 10, 16, 17, 24 and 25 October; additionally, on 10, 13, 14, 15 and 28 .

• 2019, observations occurred over 19 days on the following dates: 16, 17, 19, 29 and 30 January; 19 and 26 February; 26 and 27 March; 16 and 24 April; and 21, 22, 23, 25 and 26 May; as well as 10 and 17 July and 28 August.

Audiovisual recordings by LDM were conducted along the Jaguar and Pambilar trails between 6:00 a.m. and 1:00 p.m. on 28 and 29 July 2016, 2 and 3 August 2017 and 17 and 18 April 2018. Mist net captures performed by EM took place on 1, 2, 3 and 4 August 2017, as well as 17 and 18 April 2018, from 6:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m.

A Canon EOS 90D DSLR camera was used to photograph birds and their habitats. The identification and classification of the species were carried out using the "Field Guides to Birds of Ecuador" by Ridgely and Greenfield (2001) and Freile and Restall (2018). The final dataset was organised in the Darwin Core format and uploaded to GBIF upon completion of data collection.

Geographic coverage

Description

The RVSP covers an area of 31.22 km² (Ministerio del Ambiente 2017). Data collection was carried out on one-third of the total area of RSVP, using trails ranging in length from 1.5 km on the Jaguar to 2.5 km on the Pambil Trail. The habitat corresponds to Evergreen Forest ecosystem of the Equatorial Chocó Lowlands (Ministerio del Ambiente 2012). Data were collected covering all habitats of the Reserve, including the Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest, the Floodplain Tropical Evergreen Forest, the River Edge Forest and the Montane Forest Evergreen (Stotz et al. 1996).

Coordinates

0.607312 and -79.174986 Latitude; -79.174951 and 0.640864 Longitude.

Taxonomic coverage

Description

The RVSP, one of the few well-preserved forest remnants found on the northern coast of Ecuador, is an important habitat for birds, especially for the species with distributions restricted to the Chocó. This dataset includes 3,638 records from 16 orders, 39 families, 120 genera and 158 species (Table 1). The nomenclature follows the South American Classification Committee (SACC) (Remsen et al. 2024).

Table 1.

Bird List for El Pambilar Wildlife Refuge.

Rank	Order	Family	Scientific name	The number of individual birds observed
1	Tinamiformes	Tinamidae	Tinamusmajor (Gmelin, 1789)	64
2	Tinamiformes	Tinamidae	Crypturellusberlepschi (Rothschild, 1897)	21
3	Tinamiformes	Tinamidae	Crypturellussoui (Hermann, 1783)	2
4	Galliformes	Cracidae	Penelopeortoni Salvin, 1874	2
5	Galliformes	Cracidae	Penelopepurpurascens Wagler, 1830	32
6	Galliformes	Odontophoridae	Odontophoruserythrops Gould, 1859	27
7	Galliformes	Odontophoridae	Rhynchortyxcinctus (Salvin, 1876)	22
8	Cathartiformes	Cathartidae	Sarcoramphuspapa (Linnaeus, 1758)	1
9	Accipitriformes	Accipitridae	Leptodoncayanensis (Latham, 1790)	1
10	Accipitriformes	Accipitridae	Elanoidesforficatus (Linnaeus, 1758)	3
11	Accipitriformes	Accipitridae	Spizaetusornatus (Daudin, 1800)	2
12	Accipitriformes	Accipitridae	Harpagusbidentatus (Latham, 1790)	1
13	Accipitriformes	Accipitridae	Accipiterbicolor (Vieillot, 1817)	3
14	Accipitriformes	Accipitridae	Cryptoleucopteryxplumbea Salvin, 1872	14
15	Accipitriformes	Accipitridae	Buteogallusurubitinga (Gmelin, JF, 1788)	3
16	Gruiformes	Rallidae	Laterallusalbigularis (Lawrence, 1861)	4
17	Columbiformes	Columbidae	Patagioenassubvinacea Lawrence, 1868	57
18	Columbiformes	Columbidae	Patagioenasgoodsoni (Hartert, E, 1902)	101
19	Columbiformes	Columbidae	Geotrygonmontana (Linnaeus, 1758)	1
20	Strigiformes	Strigidae	Megascopsguatemalae Sharpe, 1875	2
21	Strigiformes	Strigidae	Lophostrixcristata (Daudin, 1800)	1
22	Strigiformes	Strigidae	Pulsatrixperspicillata (Latham, 1790)	3
23	Strigiformes	Strigidae	Strixvirgata Cassin, 1849	3
24	Strigiformes	Strigidae	Strixnigrolineata Sclater,PL, 1859	1
25	Caprimulgiformes	Caprimulgidae	Nyctiphrynusrosenbergi (Hartert, 1895)	2
26	Apodiformes	Trochilidae	Eutoxeresaquila (Bourcier, 1847)	3
27	Apodiformes	Trochilidae	Threnetesruckeri (Bourcier, 1847)	3
28	Apodiformes	Trochilidae	Phaethornisyaruqui (Bourcier, 1851)	32
29	Apodiformes	Trochilidae	Phaethornisguy (Lesson, 1833)	1
30	Apodiformes	Trochilidae	Androdonaequatorialis Gould, 1863	6
31	Apodiformes	Trochilidae	Thaluraniacolombica Bourcier, 1843	3
32	Apodiformes	Trochilidae	Amaziliarosenbergi (Boucard, 1895)	3
33	Apodiformes	Trochilidae	Chlorestesjulie (Bourcier, 1842)	3
34	Trogoniformes	Trogonidae	Trogonmassena Gould, 1838	1
35	Trogoniformes	Trogonidae	Trogoncomptus Zimmer, 1948	4
36	Trogoniformes	Trogonidae	Trogonchionurus Sclater, PL & Salvin, 1871	35
37	Trogoniformes	Trogonidae	Trogoncaligatus Gould, 1838	1
38	Trogoniformes	Trogonidae	Trogonrufus Gmelin, 1788	4
39	Trogoniformes	Trogonidae	Trogoncollaris Vieillot, 1817	10
40	Coraciiformes	Momotidae	Electronplatyrhynchum (Leadbeater, 1829)	7
41	Coraciiformes	Momotidae	Baryphthengusmartii (Spix, 1824)	89
42	Galbuliformes	Galbulidae	Jacameropsaureus (Statius Muller, 1776)	10
43	Galbuliformes	Bucconidae	Notharchushyperrhynchus Sclater, PL, 1856	1
44	Galbuliformes	Bucconidae	Malacoptilapanamensis Lafresnaye, 1847	47
45	Piciformes	Capitonidae	Capitoquinticolor Elliot, 1865	1
46	Piciformes	Capitonidae	Eubuccobourcierii (Lafresnaye, 1845)	1
47	Piciformes	Ramphastidae	Ramphastosambiguus Swainson, 1823	131
48	Piciformes	Ramphastidae	Ramphastosbrevis Meyer de Schauensee, 1945	74
49	Piciformes	Ramphastidae	Pteroglossustorquatus Gmelin, JF, 1788	21
50	Piciformes	Picidae	Melanerpespucherani (Malherbe, 1849)	7
51	Piciformes	Picidae	Veniliorniskirkii (Malherbe, 1845)	4
52	Piciformes	Picidae	Veniliorniscallonotus (Waterhouse, 1841)	6
53	Piciformes	Picidae	Piculuslitae (Rothschild, 1901)	1
54	Piciformes	Picidae	Dryocopuslineatus (Linnaeus, 1766)	8
55	Piciformes	Picidae	Campephilushaematogaster (Tschudi, 1844)	2
56	Piciformes	Picidae	Campephilusgayaquilensis (Lesson, 1845)	32
57	Falconiformes	Falconidae	Herpetotherescachinnans (Linnaeus, 1758)	8
58	Falconiformes	Falconidae	Micrasturruficollis (Vieillot, 1817)	3
59	Falconiformes	Falconidae	Micrasturplumbeus Sclater, WL, 1918	2
60	Falconiformes	Falconidae	Micrastursemitorquatus (Vieillot, 1817)	5
61	Psittaciformes	Psittacidae	Pyriliapulchra Berlepsch, 1897	43
62	Psittaciformes	Psittacidae	Pionusmenstruus (Linnaeus, 1766)	37
63	Psittaciformes	Psittacidae	Pionuschalcopterus (Fraser, 1841)	6
64	Psittaciformes	Psittacidae	Amazonaautumnalis (Linnaeus, 1758)	14
65	Psittaciformes	Psittacidae	Amazonafarinosa (Boddaert, 1783)	233
66	Psittaciformes	Psittacidae	Pyrrhuramelanura (Spix, 1824)	1
67	Passeriformes	Thamnophilidae	Dysithamnuspuncticeps Salvin, 1866	20
68	Passeriformes	Thamnophilidae	Epinecrophyllafulviventris Lawrence, 1862	3
69	Passeriformes	Thamnophilidae	Myrmotherulaignota Griscom, 1929	5
70	Passeriformes	Thamnophilidae	Myrmotherulapacifica Hellmayr, 1911	1
71	Passeriformes	Thamnophilidae	Myrmotherulaaxillaris (Vieillot, 1817)	83
72	Passeriformes	Thamnophilidae	Microrhopiasquixensis (Cornalia, 1849)	1
73	Passeriformes	Thamnophilidae	Cercomacroidestyrannina Sclater, PL, 1855	3
74	Passeriformes	Thamnophilidae	Myrmecizaexsul Sclater, PL, 1859	185
75	Passeriformes	Thamnophilidae	Myrmecizaberlepschi (Hartert, 1898)	11
76	Passeriformes	Thamnophilidae	Hafferiazeledoni Ridgway, 1909	3
77	Passeriformes	Thamnophilidae	Gymnopithysleucaspis (Sclater, PL, 1855)	47
78	Passeriformes	Thamnophilidae	Hylophylaxnaevioides (Lafresnaye, 1847)	60
79	Passeriformes	Thamnophilidae	Phaenostictusmcleannani (Lawrence, 1860)	20
80	Passeriformes	Conopophagidae	Pittasomarufopileatum Hartert, 1901	9
81	Passeriformes	Grallariidae	Grallariaguatimalensis Prévost & Des Murs, 1842	2
82	Passeriformes	Grallariidae	Hylopezusperspicillatus (Lawrence, 1861)	34
83	Passeriformes	Formicariidae	Formicariusnigricapillus Ridgway, 1893	48
84	Passeriformes	Furnariidae	Sclerurusobscurior Sclater,PL, 1857	11
85	Passeriformes	Furnariidae	Sclerurusguatemalensis (Hartlaub, 1844)	3
86	Passeriformes	Furnariidae	Dendrocinclafuliginosa (Vieillot, 1818)	52
87	Passeriformes	Furnariidae	Glyphorynchusspirurus (Vieillot, 1819)	43
88	Passeriformes	Furnariidae	Dendrocolaptessanctithomae (Lafresnaye, 1852)	1
89	Passeriformes	Furnariidae	Xiphorhynchuslachrymosus (Lawrence, 1862)	31
90	Passeriformes	Furnariidae	Xiphorhynchuserythropygius (Sclater, PL, 1860)	1
91	Passeriformes	Furnariidae	Campylorhamphustrochilirostris (Lichtenstein, MHK, 1820)	1
92	Passeriformes	Furnariidae	Automolusochrolaemus (Tschudi, 1844)	3
93	Passeriformes	Furnariidae	Automolussubulatus Spix, 1824	26
94	Passeriformes	Tyrannidae	Phyllomyiasgriseiceps (Sclater, PL & Salvin, 1871)	1
95	Passeriformes	Tyrannidae	Tyrannuluselatus (Latham, 1790)	1
96	Passeriformes	Tyrannidae	Ornithionbrunneicapillus Lawrence, 1862	2
97	Passeriformes	Tyrannidae	Zimmeriuschrysops (Sclater, PL, 1859)	1
98	Passeriformes	Tyrannidae	Mionectesolivaceus Lawrence, 1868	87
99	Passeriformes	Tyrannidae	Mionectesoleagineus (Lichtenstein, 1823)	2
100	Passeriformes	Tyrannidae	Leptopogonsuperciliaris Tschudi, 1844	1
101	Passeriformes	Tyrannidae	Myiornisatricapillus (Lawrence, 1875)	1
102	Passeriformes	Tyrannidae	Lophotriccuspileatus (Tschudi, 1844)	1
103	Passeriformes	Tyrannidae	Rhynchocycluspacificus (Chapman, 1914)	1
104	Passeriformes	Tyrannidae	Myiophobusfasciatus (Statius Muller, 1776)	1
105	Passeriformes	Tyrannidae	Myiozetetescayanensis (Linnaeus, 1766)	1
106	Passeriformes	Tyrannidae	Myiozetetessimilis (Spix, 1825)	1
107	Passeriformes	Tyrannidae	Tyrannusmelancholicus Vieillot, 1819	1
108	Passeriformes	Tyrannidae	Rhytipternaholerythra (Sclater & Salvin, 1860)	28
109	Passeriformes	Tyrannidae	Myiarchustuberculifer (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837)	1
110	Passeriformes	Tyrannidae	Attilaspadiceus (Gmelin, JF, 1789)	15
111	Passeriformes	Cotingidae	Querulapurpurata (Statius Muller, 1776)	24
112	Passeriformes	Cotingidae	Cephalopteruspenduliger Sclater, PL, 1859	112
113	Passeriformes	Cotingidae	Lipaugusunirufus Sclater, PL, 1860	42
114	Passeriformes	Pipridae	Cryptopipoholochlora Sclater,PL, 1888	8
115	Passeriformes	Pipridae	Lepidothrixcoronata Spix, 1825	159
116	Passeriformes	Pipridae	Manacusmanacus (Linnaeus, 1766)	13
117	Passeriformes	Pipridae	Ceratopipramentalis Sclater,PL, 1857	141
118	Passeriformes	Tityridae	Tityracayana (Linnaeus, 1766)	1
119	Passeriformes	Tityridae	Schiffornisveraepacis (Sclater, PL; Salvin, O 1860)	17
120	Passeriformes	Tityridae	Laniocerarufescens (Sclater, PL, 1858)	7
121	Passeriformes	Vireonidae	Vireolaniusleucotis (Swainson, 1837)	16
122	Passeriformes	Vireonidae	Pachysylviadecurtata Bonaparte, 1838	20
123	Passeriformes	Hirundinidae	Atticoratibialis Cassin, 1853	1
124	Passeriformes	Troglodytidae	Microcerculusmarginatus (Sclater, PL, 1855)	90
125	Passeriformes	Troglodytidae	Troglodytesaedon Vieillot, 1809	1
126	Passeriformes	Troglodytidae	Campylorhynchuszonatus (Lesson, 1832)	2
127	Passeriformes	Troglodytidae	Pheugopediusmystacalis Sclater, PL, 1860	15
128	Passeriformes	Troglodytidae	Cantorchilusleucopogon Salvadori & Festa, 1899	8
129	Passeriformes	Troglodytidae	Cantorchilusnigricapillus Sclater, PL, 1860	22
130	Passeriformes	Troglodytidae	Henicorhinaleucosticta (Cabanis, 1847)	14
131	Passeriformes	Troglodytidae	Cyphorhinusphaeocephalus Sclater, PL, 1860	13
132	Passeriformes	Polioptilidae	Microbatescinereiventris (Sclater, PL, 1855)	80
133	Passeriformes	Turdidae	Turdusobsoletus Lawrence, 1862	3
134	Passeriformes	Turdidae	Turdusassimilis Cabanis, 1851	157
135	Passeriformes	Thraupidae	Tachyphonusluctuosus d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837	2
136	Passeriformes	Thraupidae	Tachyphonusdelatrii Lafresnaye, 1847	237
137	Passeriformes	Thraupidae	Ramphocelusflammigerus Jardine & Selby, 1833	4
138	Passeriformes	Thraupidae	Thraupisepiscopus (Linnaeus, 1766)	6
139	Passeriformes	Thraupidae	Thraupispalmarum (Wied, 1821)	14
140	Passeriformes	Thraupidae	Tangarapalmeri (Hellmayr, 1909)	11
141	Passeriformes	Thraupidae	Tangaralarvata (Du Bus De Gisignies, 1846)	4
142	Passeriformes	Thraupidae	Tangaracyanicollis (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837)	1
143	Passeriformes	Thraupidae	Tangaragyrola (Linnaeus, 1758)	1
144	Passeriformes	Thraupidae	Tangarajohannae (Dalmas, 1900)	2
145	Passeriformes	Thraupidae	Dacnisberlepschi Hartert, 1900	2
146	Passeriformes	Thraupidae	Cyanerpescaeruleus (Linnaeus, 1758)	2
147	Passeriformes	Thraupidae	Cyanerpescyaneus (Linnaeus, 1766)	1
148	Passeriformes	Thraupidae	Chlorophanesspiza (Linnaeus, 1758)	2
149	Passeriformes	Thraupidae	Hemithraupisguira (Linnaeus, 1766)	3
150	Passeriformes	Thraupidae	Chrysothlypissalmoni Sclater, PL, 1886	3
151	Passeriformes	Thraupidae	Coerebaflaveola (Linnaeus, 1758)	16
152	Passeriformes	Incertae Sedis	Saltatormaximus (Statius Müller, PL, 1776)	8
153	Passeriformes	Incertae Sedis	Saltatorgrossus (Linnaeus, 1766)	36
154	Passeriformes	Cardinalidae	Chlorothraupisolivacea (Cassin, 1860)	73
155	Passeriformes	Parulidae	Myiothlypisfulvicauda Spix, 1825	9
156	Passeriformes	Icteridae	Cacicusuropygialis Lafresnaye, 1843	16
157	Passeriformes	Fringillidae	Euphoniasaturata (Cabanis, 1860)	56
158	Passeriformes	Fringillidae	Euphoniaxanthogaster Sundevall, 1834	34

According to Ridgely and Greenfield (2001), 19 endemic species occur in the Chocó ecoregion: Crypturellusberlepschi (Rothschild, 1897), Penelopeortoni Salvin, 1874, Patagioenasgoodsoni (Hartert, E, 1902), Nyctiphrynusrosenbergi (Hartert, 1895), Phaethornisyaruqui (Bourcier, 1851), Amaziliarosenbergi (Boucard, 1895), Trogoncomptus Zimmer, 1948, Capitoquinticolor Elliot, 1865, Ramphastosbrevis Meyer de Schauensee, 1945, Piculuslitae (Rothschild, 1901), Micrasturplumbeus Sclater, WL, 1918, Pyriliapulchra Berlepsch, 1897, Myrmecizaberlepschi (Hartert, 1898), Pittasomarufopileatum Hartert, 1901, Rhynchocycluspacificus (Chapman, 1914), Cephalopteruspenduliger Sclater, PL, 1859, Tanagerjohannae (Dalmas, 1900), Dacnisberlepschi Hartert, 1900 and Chlorothraupisolivacea (Cassin, 1860). According to these authors, two endemic species occur on the western Andean slope, including the high parts of Chocó: Tangarapalmeri (Hellmayr, 1909) and Chrysothlypissalmoni Sclater, PL, 1886. In addition, Veniliorniscallonotus (Waterhouse, 1841) and Campephilusgayaquilensis (Lesson, 1845) are considered endemic to the Tumbes Region.

The national threat categories were obtained from the Red List of Freile et al. (2019). In contrast, the global threat categories were obtained from IUCN (2024).

Amongst the 56 species in the RSVP included in the national Red List, nine are classified as Endangered (EN). Particularly, Penelopeortoni (Salvin, 1874) is listed as EN both nationally and globally, Rhynchortyxcinctus (Salvin, 1876) and Capitoquinticolor (Elliot, 1865) are considered EN at the national level, but are classified as Near Threatened (NT) globally. Similarly, Micrasturplumbeus (Sclater, 1918), Cephalopteruspenduliger (Sclater, 1859) and Dacnisberlepschi (Hartert, 1900) are considered as Endangered nationally, but classified as Vulnerable (VU) globally. Interestingly, Amazonaautumnalis (Linnaeus, 1758), Phaenostictusmcleannani (Lawrence, 1860) and Pittasomarufopileatum (Hartert, 1901) are only listed as Endangered in the national Red List.

Eleven species are considered Vulnerable (VU) at the local level. These include Crypturellusberlepschi (Rothschild, 1897), Odontophoruserythrops (Gould, 1859), Trogonmassena (Gould, 1838), Campephilusgayaquilensis (Lesson, 1845), Pyriliapulchra (Berlepsch, 1897), Myrmecizaberlepschi (Hartert, 1898), Hylopezusperspicillatus (Lawrence, 1861), Sclerurusguatemalensis (Hartlaub, 1844) and Lipaugusunirufus (Sclater, 1860). Furthermore, Penelopepurpurascens (Wagler, 1830) and Cryptoleucopteryxplumbea (Salvin, 1872) are classified as VU locally, but are considered Near Threatened (NT) globally.

Additionally, 36 species are listed as Near Threatened (NT) at the national level: Tinamusmajor (Gmelin, 1789); Sarcoramphuspapa (Linnaeus, 1758); Patagioenasgoodsoni (Hartert, E, 1902); Megascopsguatemalae Sharpe, 1875; Nyctiphrynusrosenbergi (Hartert, 1895); Androdonaequatorialis Gould, 1863; Amaziliarosenbergi (Boucard, 1895); Trogoncomptus Zimmer, 1948; Trogoncaligatus Gould, 1838; Jacameropsaureus (Statius Müller, 1776); Ramphastosambiguus Swainson, 1823; Ramphastosbrevis Meyer de Schauensee, 1945; Pteroglossustorquatus Gmelin, JF, 1788; Piculuslitae (Rothschild, 1901); Campephilushaematogaster (Tschudi, 1844); Amazonafarinosa (Boddaert, 1783); Dysithamnuspuncticeps Salvin, 1866; Hafferiazeledoni Ridgway, 1909; Hylophylaxnaevioides (Lafresnaye, 1847); Formicariusnigricapillus Ridgway, 1893; Dendrocolaptessanctithomae (Lafresnaye, 1852); Xiphorhynchuslachrymosus (Lawrence, 1862); Xiphorhynchuserythropygius (Sclater, PL, 1860); Rhynchocycluspacificus (Chapman, 1914); Rhytipternaholerythra (Sclater & Salvin, 1860); Ceratopipramentalis Sclater, PL, 1857; Laniocerarufescens (Sclater, PL, 1858); Cantorchilusleucopogon Salvadori & Festa, 1899; Cyphorhinusphaeocephalus Sclater, PL, 1860; Turdusobsoletus Lawrence, 1862; Turdusassimilis Cabanis, 1851; Tangarapalmeri (Hellmayr, 1909); Tangarajohannae (Dalmas, 1900); Chrysothlypissalmoni Sclater, PL, 1886; Chlorothraupisolivacea (Cassin, 1860) and Spizaetusornatus (Daudin, 1800) that is also classified as NT globally.

Elanoidesforficatus exhibits boreal migration as well as resident populations according to Ridgely and Greenfield (2001). No other migratory species were recorded.

Taxa included

Rank	Scientific Name	Common Name
kingdom	Animalia	Animals
class	Aves	Birds
order	Accipitriformes
order	Apodiformes
order	Caprimulgiformes
order	Cathartiformes
order	Columbiformes
order	Coraciiformes
order	Falconiformes
order	Galbuliformes
order	Galliformes
order	Gruiformes
order	Passeriformes
order	Piciformes
order	Psittaciformes
order	Strigiformes
order	Tinamiformes
order	Trogoniformes
family	Accipitridae
family	Bucconidae
family	Capitonidae
family	Caprimulgidae
family	Cardinalidae
family	Cathartidae
family	Columbidae
family	Conopophagidae
family	Cotingidae
family	Cracidae
family	Falconidae
family	Formicariidae
family	Fringillidae
family	Furnariidae
family	Galbulidae
family	Grallariidae
family	Hirundinidae
family	Icteridae
family	Incertae Sedis
family	Momotidae
family	Odontophoridae
family	Parulidae
family	Picidae
family	Pipridae
family	Polioptilidae
family	Psittacidae
family	Rallidae
family	Ramphastidae
family	Strigidae
family	Thamnophilidae
family	Thraupidae
family	Tinamidae
family	Tityridae
family	Trochilidae
family	Troglodytidae
family	Trogonidae
family	Turdidae
family	Tyrannidae
family	Vireonidae
species	Accipiterbicolor (Vieillot, 1817)
species	Amaziliarosenbergi (Boucard, 1895)
species	Amazonaautumnalis (Linnaeus, 1758)
species	Amazonafarinosa (Boddaert, 1783)
species	Androdonaequatorialis Gould, 1863
species	Atticoratibialis Cassin, 1853
species	Attilaspadiceus (Gmelin, JF, 1789)
species	Automolusochrolaemus (Tschudi, 1844)
species	Automolussubulatus Spix, 1824
species	Baryphthengusmartii (Spix, 1824)
species	Buteogallusurubitinga (Gmelin, JF, 1788)
species	Cacicusuropygialis Lafresnaye, 1843
species	Campephilusgayaquilensis (Lesson, 1845)
species	Campephilushaematogaster (Tschudi, 1844)
species	Campylorhamphustrochilirostris (Lichtenstein, MHK, 1820)
species	Campylorhynchuszonatus (Lesson, 1832)
species	Cantorchilusleucopogon Salvadori & Festa, 1899
species	Cantorchilusnigricapillus Sclater, PL, 1860
species	Capitoquinticolor Elliot, 1865
species	Cephalopteruspenduliger Sclater, PL, 1859
species	Ceratopipramentalis Sclater,PL, 1857
species	Cercomacroidestyrannina Sclater, PL, 1855
species	Chlorestesjulie (Bourcier, 1842)
species	Chlorophanesspiza (Linnaeus, 1758)
species	Chlorothraupisolivacea (Cassin, 1860)
species	Chrysothlypissalmoni Sclater, PL, 1886
species	Coerebaflaveola (Linnaeus, 1758)
species	Cryptoleucopteryxplumbea Salvin, 1872
species	Cryptopipoholochlora Sclater,PL, 1888
species	Crypturellusberlepschi (Rothschild, 1897)
species	Crypturellussoui (Hermann, 1783)
species	Cyanerpescaeruleus (Linnaeus, 1758)
species	Cyanerpescyaneus (Linnaeus, 1766)
species	Cyphorhinusphaeocephalus Sclater, PL, 1860
species	Dacnisberlepschi Hartert, 1900
species	Dendrocinclafuliginosa (Vieillot, 1818)
species	Dendrocolaptessanctithomae (Lafresnaye, 1852)
species	Dryocopuslineatus (Linnaeus, 1766)
species	Dysithamnuspuncticeps Salvin, 1866
species	Elanoidesforficatus (Linnaeus, 1758)
species	Electronplatyrhynchum (Leadbeater, 1829)
species	Epinecrophyllafulviventris Lawrence, 1862
species	Eubuccobourcierii (Lafresnaye, 1845)
species	Euphoniasaturata (Cabanis, 1860)
species	Euphoniaxanthogaster Sundevall, 1834
species	Eutoxeresaquila (Bourcier, 1847)
species	Formicariusnigricapillus Ridgway, 1893
species	Geotrygonmontana (Linnaeus, 1758)
species	Glyphorynchusspirurus (Vieillot, 1819)
species	Grallariaguatimalensis Prévost & Des Murs, 1842
species	Gymnopithysleucaspis (Sclater, PL, 1855)
species	Hafferiazeledoni Ridgway, 1909
species	Harpagusbidentatus (Latham, 1790)
species	Hemithraupisguira (Linnaeus, 1766)
species	Henicorhinaleucosticta (Cabanis, 1847)
species	Herpetotherescachinnans (Linnaeus, 1758)
species	Hylopezusperspicillatus (Lawrence, 1861)
species	Hylophylaxnaevioides (Lafresnaye, 1847)
species	Jacameropsaureus (Statius Muller, 1776)
species	Laniocerarufescens (Sclater, PL, 1858)
species	Laterallusalbigularis (Lawrence, 1861)
species	Lepidothrixcoronata Spix, 1825
species	Leptodoncayanensis (Latham, 1790)
species	Leptopogonsuperciliaris Tschudi, 1844
species	Lipaugusunirufus Sclater, PL, 1860
species	Lophostrixcristata (Daudin, 1800)
species	Lophotriccuspileatus (Tschudi, 1844)
species	Malacoptilapanamensis Lafresnaye, 1847
species	Manacusmanacus (Linnaeus, 1766)
species	Megascopsguatemalae Sharpe, 1875
species	Melanerpespucherani (Malherbe, 1849)
species	Micrasturplumbeus Sclater, WL, 1918
species	Micrasturruficollis (Vieillot, 1817)
species	Micrastursemitorquatus (Vieillot, 1817)
species	Microbatescinereiventris (Sclater, PL, 1855)
species	Microcerculusmarginatus (Sclater, PL, 1855)
species	Microrhopiasquixensis (Cornalia, 1849)
species	Mionectesoleagineus (Lichtenstein, 1823)
species	Mionectesolivaceus Lawrence, 1868
species	Myiarchustuberculifer (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837)
species	Myiophobusfasciatus (Statius Muller, 1776)
species	Myiornisatricapillus (Lawrence, 1875)
species	Myiothlypisfulvicauda Spix, 1825
species	Myiozetetescayanensis (Linnaeus, 1766)
species	Myiozetetessimilis (Spix, 1825)
species	Myrmecizaberlepschi (Hartert, 1898)
species	Myrmecizaexsul Sclater, PL, 1859
species	Myrmotherulaaxillaris (Vieillot, 1817)
species	Myrmotherulaignota Griscom, 1929
species	Myrmotherulapacifica Hellmayr, 1911
species	Notharchushyperrhynchus Sclater, PL, 1856
species	Nyctiphrynusrosenbergi (Hartert, 1895)
species	Odontophoruserythrops Gould, 1859
species	Ornithionbrunneicapillus Lawrence, 1862
species	Pachysylviadecurtata Bonaparte, 1838
species	Patagioenasgoodsoni (Hartert, E, 1902)
species	Patagioenassubvinacea Lawrence, 1868
species	Penelopeortoni Salvin, 1874
species	Penelopepurpurascens Wagler, 1830
species	Phaenostictusmcleannani (Lawrence, 1860)
species	Phaethornisguy (Lesson, 1833)
species	Phaethornisyaruqui (Bourcier, 1851)
species	Pheugopediusmystacalis Sclater, PL, 1860
species	Phyllomyiasgriseiceps (Sclater, PL & Salvin, 1871)
species	Piculuslitae (Rothschild, 1901)
species	Pionuschalcopterus (Fraser, 1841)
species	Pionusmenstruus (Linnaeus, 1766)
species	Pittasomarufopileatum Hartert, 1901
species	Pteroglossustorquatus Gmelin, JF, 1788
species	Pulsatrixperspicillata (Latham, 1790)
species	Pyriliapulchra Berlepsch, 1897
species	Pyrrhuramelanura (Spix, 1824)
species	Querulapurpurata (Statius Muller, 1776)
species	Ramphastosambiguus Swainson, 1823
species	Ramphastosbrevis Meyer de Schauensee, 1945
species	Ramphocelusflammigerus Jardine & Selby, 1833
species	Rhynchocycluspacificus (Chapman, 1914)
species	Rhynchortyxcinctus (Salvin, 1876)
species	Rhytipternaholerythra (Sclater & Salvin, 1860)
species	Saltatorgrossus (Linnaeus, 1766)
species	Saltatormaximus (Statius Müller, PL, 1776)
species	Sarcoramphuspapa (Linnaeus, 1758)
species	Schiffornisveraepacis (Sclater, PL; Salvin, O 1860)
species	Sclerurusguatemalensis (Hartlaub, 1844)
species	Sclerurusobscurior Sclater,PL, 1857
species	Spizaetusornatus (Daudin, 1800)
species	Strixnigrolineata Sclater,PL, 1859
species	Strixvirgata Cassin, 1849
species	Tachyphonusdelatrii Lafresnaye, 1847
species	Tachyphonusluctuosus d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837
species	Tangaracyanicollis (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837)
species	Tangaragyrola (Linnaeus, 1758)
species	Tangarajohannae (Dalmas, 1900)
species	Tangaralarvata (Du Bus De Gisignies, 1846)
species	Tangarapalmeri (Hellmayr, 1909)
species	Thaluraniacolombica Bourcier, 1843
species	Thraupisepiscopus (Linnaeus, 1766)
species	Thraupispalmarum (Wied, 1821)
species	Threnetesruckeri (Bourcier, 1847)
species	Tinamusmajor (Gmelin, 1789)
species	Tityracayana (Linnaeus, 1766)
species	Troglodytesaedon Vieillot, 1809
species	Trogoncaligatus Gould, 1838
species	Trogonchionurus Sclater, PL & Salvin, 1871
species	Trogoncollaris Vieillot, 1817
species	Trogoncomptus Zimmer, 1948
species	Trogonmassena Gould, 1838
species	Trogonrufus Gmelin, 1788
species	Turdusassimilis Cabanis, 1851
species	Turdusobsoletus Lawrence, 1862
species	Tyrannuluselatus (Latham, 1790)
species	Tyrannusmelancholicus Vieillot, 1819
species	Veniliorniscallonotus (Waterhouse, 1841)
species	Veniliorniskirkii (Malherbe, 1845)
species	Vireolaniusleucotis (Swainson, 1837)
species	Xiphorhynchuserythropygius (Sclater, PL, 1860)
species	Xiphorhynchuslachrymosus (Lawrence, 1862)
species	Zimmeriuschrysops (Sclater, PL, 1859)

Usage licence

Usage licence

Creative Commons Public Domain Waiver (CC-Zero)

Data resources

Data package title

Avifauna del Refugio de vida silvestre El Pambilar

Resource link

https://doi.org/10.60545/87dmuq

Alternative identifiers

https://www.gbif.org/es/dataset/7482c011-1692-412d-a87c-220a579ccfd2

Number of data sets

1

Data set 1.

Data set name

Avifauna del Refugio de vida silvestre El Pambilar

Data format

Darwin core Archive

Download URL

https://www.gbif.org/es/dataset/7482c011-1692-412d-a87c-220a579ccfd2

Data format version

2.1

Description

Our occurrence data include 28 columns and all records are georeferenced (Montalvo et al. 2024).

Data set 1.

Column label	Column description
id	Name of the trail where the data were taken.
type	The nature of the presence record, taxon or event.
language	A language of the resource.
licence	A legal document giving official permission to do something with the resource.
basisOfRecord	The specific nature of the data record.
occurrenceID	An identifier for the Occurrence. Record in the dataset or collection.
behaviour	The behaviour shown by the organism at the time of being registered.
eventID	An identifier for the set of information associated with an event (something that occurs at a place and time). It can be a globally unique identifier or a dataset-specific identifier.
eventTime	The time or interval during which the Event occurred. It is recommended to use an encoding scheme.
year	The four-digit year in which the Event occurred, according to the Common Era Calendar.
month	The integer month in which the Event occurred.
day	The integer day of the month on which the Event occurred.
verbatimEventDate	The date or interval during which an Event occurred.
country	The name of the country or major administrative unit in which the Location occurs.
countryCode	The standard code for the country in which the Location occurs.
stateProvince	The name of the next smaller administrative region than country (state, province, canton, department, region etc.) in which the Location occurs.
locality	The specific description of the place.
decimalLatitud	The geographic latitude (in decimal degrees, using the spatial reference system given in geodeticDatum) of the geographic centre of a Location. Positive values are north of the Equator, negative values are south of it. Legal values lie between -90 and 90, inclusive.
decimalLongitud	The geographic longitude (in decimal degrees, using the spatial reference system given in geodeticDatum) of the geographic centre of a Location. Positive values are east of the Greenwich Meridian, negative values are west of it. Legal values lie between -180 and 180, inclusive.
taxonID	An identifier for the set of taxon information (data associated with the Taxon class). May be a global unique identifier or an identifier specific to the dataset.
scientificName	An identifier for the nomenclatural (not taxonomic) details of a scientific name.
kingdom	The full scientific name of the kingdom in which the taxon is classified.
phylum	The full scientific name of the phylum or division in which the taxon is classified.
class	The full scientific name of the class in which the taxon is classified.
order	The full scientific name of the order in which the taxon is classified.
family	The full scientific name of the family in which the taxon is classified.
genus	The full scientific name of the genus in which the taxon is classified.
specificEpithet	The name of the first or species epithet of the scientificName.

Author contributions

Conceptualisation: Montalvo E. Writing-original draft: Montalvo E. Data curation: Montalvo E. GIS processing: Gallo-Viracocha F. Obtaining field data: Montalvo E. Pianchiche J, Garofalo A, Bonilla J, Montalvo LD. Writing-review and editing: Montalvo E, Montalvo LD.