Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of the study patients.
| Variables | All patients (n = 1334) | Stroke group (n = 105, 7.9%) | Group without stroke (n = 1229, 92.1%) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 50.15 (39, 62) | 55 (41, 63) | 50 (39, 61.9) | 0.141 | |
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| |||||
| Sex, male (n, %) | 797 (59.7) | 64 (61) | 733 (59.6) | 0.79 | |
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| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.7 (23.3, 31.8) | 26.4 (22.1, 30.5) | 27.8 (23.4, 31.8) | 0.021 | |
|
| |||||
| Diabetes mellitus (n, %) | 548 (41.1) | 43 (41) | 505 (41.1) | 0.98 | |
|
| |||||
| Systemic hypertension (n, %) | 783 (58.7) | 54 (51.4) | 729 (59.3) | 0.115 | |
|
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| Chronic kidney disease (n, %) | 227 (17) | 22 (21) | 205 (16.7) | 0.263 | |
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| ESRD on dialysis (n, %) | 49 (3.7) | 4 (3.8) | 45 (3.7) | 0.79 | |
|
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| Bronchial asthma/COPD (n, %) | 88 (6.6) | 11 (10.5) | 77 (6.3) | 0.09 | |
|
| |||||
| Prior myocardial infarction (n, %) | 145 (10.9) | 12 (11.4) | 133 (10.8) | 0.84 | |
|
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| Prior PCI (n, %) | 139 (10.4) | 8 (7.6) | 131 (10.7) | 0.328 | |
|
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| Prior cardiac surgery (n, %) | 304 (22.8) | 45 (42.9) | 259 (21.1) | < 0.001 | |
|
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| Infective endocarditis (n, %) | 80 (6) | 15 (14.3) | 65 (5.3) | < 0.001 | |
|
| |||||
| Preoperative LV-EF (n, %) | > 55% | 601 (45.1) | 39 (37.1) | 562 (45.7) | 0.243 |
| 45%–55% | 348 (26.1) | 30 (28.6) | 318 (25.9) | ||
| 35%–45% | 136 (10.2) | 10 (9.5) | 126 (10.3) | ||
| < 35% | 249 (18.7) | 26 (24.8) | 223 (18.1) | ||
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| Left atrium diameter (cm) | 4.44 ± 0.93 | 4.5 ± 0.64 | 4.4 ± 0.37 | 0.103 | |
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| Preoperative IABP (n, %) | 13 (1) | 4 (3.8) | 9 (0.7) | 0.015 | |
|
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| Preoperative VA-ECMO (n, %) | 18 (1.35) | 4 (3.8) | 19 (1.5) | 0.101 | |
|
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| Preoperative atrial fibrillation (n, %) | 341 (25.6) | 22 (21) | 319 (26) | 0.259 | |
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| Old ischemic stroke (n, %) | 84 (6.3) | 22 (21) | 62 (5) | < 0.001 | |
|
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| Old ICH (n, %) | 13 (1) | 4 (3.8) | 9 (0.7) | 0.015 | |
|
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| Epilepsy (n, %) | 25 (1.9) | 3 (2.9) | 22 (1.8) | 0.44 | |
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| History of TIAs (n, %) | 34 (2.5) | 5 (4.8) | 29 (2.4) | 0.182 | |
|
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| CAS ≥ 70% (n, %) | 19 (0.014) | 1 (1) | 18 (1.5) | 0.54 | |
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| CAS 50%–69% (n, %) | 15 (0.011) | 2 (1.9) | 13 (1.1) | 0.34 | |
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| Hypothyroidism (n, %) | 96 (7.2) | 10 (9.5) | 86 (7) | 0.336 | |
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| Autoimmune disease (n, %) | 156 (11.7) | 14 (13.3) | 142 (11.6) | 0.35 | |
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| Peripheral vascular disease (n, %) | 35 (2.6) | 6 (5.7) | 29 (2.4) | 0.051 | |
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| Preoperative drugs (n, %) | Aspirin | 516 (38.7) | 32 (30.5) | 484 (39.4) | 0.072 |
| Clopidogrel | 147 (11) | 5 (4.8) | 142 (11.6) | 0.033 | |
| Ticagrelor | 17 (1.3) | 0 | 17 (1.4) | 0.39 | |
| Warfarin | 360 (27) | 29 (27.6) | 331 (26.9) | 0.879 | |
| Rivaroxaban | 37 (2.8) | 1 (1) | 36 (2.9) | 0.356 | |
| Apixaban | 49 (3.7) | 4 (3.8) | 45 (3.7) | 0.791 | |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CAS, carotid artery stenosis; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ESRD, end-stage renal disease; IABP, intra-aortic balloon pump; ICH, intracranial hemorrhage; LV-EF, left ventricular ejection fraction; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; TIAs, transient ischemic attacks; VA-ECMO, veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.