Table 4.
Clinical and laboratory characteristics of the ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes.
| Variables | Ischemic stroke group (n = 79, 5.9) | Nonischemic stroke group (n = 1255, 94.1%) | p value | Hemorrhagic stroke group (n = 32, 2.4%) | Nonhemorrhagic stroke group (n = 1302, 97.6%) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 57 (47.5, 64) | 50 (39, 61.9) | 0.009 | 41.85 (23, 55.5) | 51 (40, 62) | 0.014 |
| Sex, male (n, %) | 52 (65.8) | 745 (59.4) | 0.26 | 14 (43.8) | 783 (60.1) | 0.062 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.6 (22.6, 30.5) | 27.75 (23.3, 31.8) | 0.07 | 26.35 (20.2, 30.75) | 27.7 (23.4, 31.8) | 0.12 |
| Diabetes mellitus (n, %) | 38 (48.1) | 510 (40.6) | 0.19 | 5 (15.6) | 543 (41.7) | 0.003 |
| Systemic hypertension (n, %) | 44 (55.7) | 739 (58.9) | 0.58 | 11 (34.4) | 772 (59.3) | 0.005 |
| CKD (n, %) | 15 (19) | 212 (16.9) | 0.63 | 7 (21.9) | 220 (16.9) | 0.46 |
| ESRD on dialysis (n, %) | 4 (5.1) | 45 (3.6) | 0.53 | 0 | 49 (3.8) | 0.63 |
| Bronchial asthma/COPD (n, %) | 7 (8.9) | 81 (6.5) | 0.4 | 3 (9.4) | 85 (6.5) | 0.47 |
| Autoimmune disease (n, %) | 16 (20.3) | 204 (16.3) | 0.35 | 11 (34.4) | 209 (16.1) | 0.006 |
| Old cerebrovascular stroke (n, %) | 19 (24.1) | 65 (5.2) | < 0.001 | 7 (21.9) | 77 (5.9) | 0.003 |
| Old ICH (n, %) | 2 (2.5) | 11 (0.9) | 0.18 | 3 (9.4) | 10 (0.8) | 0.003 |
| Prior cardiac surgery (n, %) | 33 (41.8) | 271 (21.6) | < 0.001 | 15 (46.9) | 289 (22.2) | 0.001 |
| Infective endocarditis (n, %) | 10 (12.7) | 70 (5.6) | 0.023 | 5 (15.6) | 75 (5.8) | 0.038 |
| Preoperative AF (n, %) | 15 (19) | 326 (26) | 0.17 | 7 (21.9) | 334 (25.7) | 0.63 |
| Perioperative IABP (n, %) | 13 (16.5) | 55 (4.4) | < 0.001 | 4 (12.5) | 64 (4.9) | 0.08 |
| Perioperative VA-ECMO (n, %) | 19 (24.1) | 159 (12.67) | 0.006 | 12 (37.5) | 166 (12.75) | < 0.001 |
| CPB time (min) | 164 (122, 215) | 136 (105, 171) | < 0.001 | 189 (134.5, 282.5) | 136 (105, 172) | < 0.001 |
| ACC time (min) | 102 (78, 163) | 90 (75, 122) | 0.023 | 129 (98.5, 179) | 90 (75, 123) | < 0.001 |
| Circulatory arrest (n, %) | 7 (8.9) | 15 (1.2) | < 0.001 | 3 (9.4) | 19 (1.5) | 0.014 |
| Preoperative hemoglobin (gm/L) | 110 (100, 129) | 120 (105, 137) | 0.014 | 106 (99, 125.5) | 120 (105, 137) | 0.022 |
| Preoperative platelet count (109/L) | 225 (171, 277) | 229 (170, 278) | 0.87 | 213 (104, 311) | 229 (171, 278) | 0.6 |
| Peak lactate (mmol/L) | 11 (7.8, 15.3) | 6.5 (5.3, 8.9) | < 0.001 | 14.5 (10, 16.8) | 6.7 (5.3, 9.2) | < 0.001 |
| Lactate at 24 h (mmol/L) | 2.8 (1.9, 4.5) | 1.7 (1.3, 2.4) | < 0.001 | 3.8 (2.35, 5.8) | 1.7 (1.3, 2.4) | < 0.001 |
| Hemoglobin-D1 (gm/L) | 94 (84, 104) | 97 (87, 107) | 0.054 | 91 (84, 104) | 97 (87, 107) | 0.12 |
| Platelet count-D1 (109/L) | 136 (94, 179) | 150 (106, 197) | 0.023 | 100 (60, 151) | 150 (107, 197) | < 0.001 |
| Platelet count-D2 (109/L) | 121 (84, 153) | 135 (98, 172) | 0.02 | 92 (61, 137.5) | 135 (98, 172) | 0.002 |
| Fibrinogen-D1 (g/L) | 2.57 (2.22, 3.24) | 3.01 (2.52, 3.67) | 0.001 | 2.7 (2.4, 3.12) | 3 (2.5, 3.67) | 0.043 |
| Fibrinogen-D2 (g/L) | 3 (2.45, 4.2) | 3.84 (2.9, 4.9) | 0.001 | 3 (2.55, 3.6) | 3.83 (2.89, 4.89) | 0.001 |
| Albumin-D1 (gm/L) | 34.45 (31, 38.1) | 37 (34.3, 40.7) | < 0.001 | 32.4 (29.4, 36.4) | 37 (34.2, 40.6) | < 0.001 |
| Albumin-D2 (gm/L) | 35 (31.8, 38.5) | 37.55 (34.8, 40.3) | < 0.001 | 35 (31.4, 37.4) | 37.4 (34.6, 40.3) | 0.001 |
Abbreviations: ACC, aortic cross-clamping; AF, atrial fibrillation; BMI, body mass index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CPB, cardiopulmonary bypass; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ESRD, end-stage renal disease; IABP, intra-aortic balloon pump; ICH, intracranial hemorrhage; VA-ECMO, veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.