Table 2.

Cell type-specific sex-dependent gene expression changes across major brain cell types in THY-Tau22 mice at 17 months of age

Cell Type	Sex-Specific Changes	Sex-Dimorphic Changes
Microglia	Malat1 (↑♂) H2-D1 (↑♂) Tyrobp (↑♂) Hsp90ab1 (↑♀)	Cst3 (↑♂/↓♀) Ccl3 (↑♂/↓♀) Hsp90b1 (↓♂/↑♀)
Astrocytes	Clu (↑♂) Cldn10 (↑♂) Cpe (↑♂) Pnisr (↑♀)	mt-Rnr2 (↑♂/↓♀) Apoe (↑♂/↓♀) Mt1 (↑♂/↓♀)
Neurons	mt-Cytb (↑♂) Sparcl1 (↑♂) Snhg11 (↑♂) Strbp (↓♂)	Plp1 (↑♂/↓♀) Atp1b1 (↓♂/↑♀) mt-Rnr2 (↓♂/↑♀)
Oligodendrocytes	Car2 (↑♂) mt-Nd1 (↑♂) mt-Nd2 (↑♂)	Malat1 (↓♂/↑♀) Fth1 (↑♂/↓♀) Mbp (↑♂/↓♀)
Endothelial cells	Id3 (↑♂) Cxcl12 (↓♀) Eif3a (↓♂)	mt-Rnr2 (↓♂/↑♀) B2m (↑♂/↓♀) Malat1 (↓♂/↑♀)

Summary of the most significant differentially expressed genes showing either sex-specific or sex-dimorphic patterns across five major brain cell types. Sex-specific changes indicate significant alterations (FDR < 0.05, absolute log2 fold-change ≥ 0.5) in one sex only (♂: male, ♀: female) with direction shown by arrows (↑: increased, ↓: decreased). Sex-dimorphic changes indicate significant opposing changes between sexes. Notable patterns include widespread male-specific upregulation across cell types, recurrent dysregulation of Malat1 across multiple cell populations, and cell type-specific regulation of genes involved in inflammation (microglia), protein homeostasis (astrocytes), mitochondrial function (neurons), myelination (oligodendrocytes), and vascular function (endothelial cells). All changes compare THY-Tau22 mice to wild-type controls