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. 2025 May 8;25:280. doi: 10.1186/s12866-025-04012-5

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© The Author(s) 2025

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Effects of mixed probiotics on cell apoptosis, oxidative stress, and mitophagy in renal tissue caused by a high-purine diet. (A-B) Concentrations of MDA and SOD in kidney tissue of mice in three groups (n = 6); (C) Immunofluorescence shows the expression of Beclin-1 among the three groups. (D) Immunofluorescence shows the expression of LC3 among the three groups. (E) Immunohistochemical staining showed mixed probiotics alleviated the upregulation of BAX expression caused by hyperuricemia. (F) Immunofluorescence display of mixed probiotics alleviated the upregulation of caspase-3 expression caused by hyperuricemia. (G) Immunofluorescence shows the expression of TUNEL among the three groups. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. Analysis was performed by ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test.MDA: malondialdehyde, SOD: superoxide dismutase