Table 2.

Cancer Immunotherapy Approaches: Comparisons on mechanisms, efficacy, and advantages.

Immunotherapy Approach	Mechanism of Action	Clinical Efficacy	Key Advantages	References
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (ICIs)	Block negative regulators (e.g., PD-1, CTLA-4) to enhance T-cell response	20-50% ORR in various cancers (e.g., melanoma, lung, kidney)	Improved survival, durable responses	(32–34)
CAR-T Cell Therapy	Genetically modified T-cells recognize and attack cancer cells	50-90% ORR in B-cell malignancies (e.g., ALL, DLBCL)	High response rates, potential for cure	(87–93)
Cancer Vaccines	Stimulate immune response against tumor antigens	10-30% ORR in various cancers (e.g., prostate, lung)	Safe, potential for combination therapies	(4, 75–77, 81, 94–101)
Adoptive T-Cell Therapy	Infuse expanded, tumor-specific T-cells	50-70% ORR in melanoma and other cancers	Personalized, potential for long-term responses	(102–105)
Monoclonal Antibodies	Target tumor-associated antigens (e.g., HER2, EGFR)	10-50% ORR in various cancers	Well-established, targeted therapy	(98, 106)
Oncolytic Viruses	Selectively infect and kill cancer cells, stimulate immunity	10-30% ORR in various cancers	Novel approach, potential for combination therapies	(13)
Tumor-agnostic Therapies	Target shared tumor antigens (e.g., TMB, MSI-H)	20-50% ORR in various cancers	Potential for broad applicability	(91)
Combination Immunotherapies	Combine ICIs, CAR-T, vaccines, or other approaches	Enhanced efficacy, potential for synergistic effects	Promising clinical trials, improved outcomes	(107–118)

ORR, Overall Response Rate; ALL, Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia; DLBCL, Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma; TMB, Tumor Mutational Burden; MSI-H, Microsatellite Instability-High.