Table 4.

Summary on nucleic acid vaccines for cancer immunotherapies, with mechanisms and outcomes.

Vaccine Type	Approved Drug		Target Antigen	Cancer Type	Outcome	References
DNA vaccine	Cavatak (CF33)		MUC1, EGFR	Various	Enhanced anti-tumor immunity	(97)
RNA vaccine	mRNA-4157		PD-L1	Melanoma, NSCLC	Increased tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes	(98)
mRNA vaccine	BNT111		MUC1, CEA	Breast, lung, colorectal	Induced antigen-specific T-cells	(99)
Electroporated DNA vaccine	Intuvax (hTERT)		hTERT	Prostate cancer	Improved overall survival	(100)
Personalized neoantigen RNA vaccine	mRNA-5671		Mutated tumor antigens	Melanoma, lung cancer	Durable clinical responses	(101)
DNA vaccine	Vigil (p53)		p53	Breast, lung, colorectal	Enhanced anti-tumor immunity	(157)
RNA-Lipoplex vaccine	BI 1361849 (RNActive)		MUC1	Lung, pancreatic cancer	Increased tumor-specific T-cells	(158)
mRNA vaccine	CV8102		VEGFR2	Renal cell carcinoma	Reduced tumor growth	(106)