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. 2025 Apr 25;13:1514524. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1514524

Table 2.

Demographic characteristics of community-dwelling older adults with multimorbidity (n = 517).

Characteristics n (%) Number of chronic conditions χ 2 p
2 3 4 ≥5
Gender 5.571 0.234
Male 237 (45.8) 144 (60.8) 53 (22.4) 22 (9.3) 18 (7.5)
Female 280 (54.2) 150 (53.6) 80 (28.6) 35 (12.5) 15 (5.3)
Age (years) 73.99 ± 6.67 32.644 0.001
65 ~ 69 162 (31.3) 104 (64.2) 40 (24.7) 13 (8.0) 5 (3.1)
70 ~ 74 149 (28.8) 90 (60.4) 37 (24.8) 17 (11.4) 5 (3.4)
75 ~ 79 99 (19.1) 56 (56.6) 21 (21.2) 15 (15.2) 7 (7.0)
≥80 107 (20.7) 44 (41.1) 35 (32.7) 12 (11.2) 16 (15.0)
BMI (kg/m2) 23.57 ± 7.79 16.652 0.163
≤18.4 33 (6.4) 18 (54.5) 8 (24.2) 3 (9.1) 4 (12.2)
18.5 ~ 23.9 270 (52.2) 165 (61.1) 64 (23.7) 31 (11.5) 10 (3.7)
24.0 ~ 27.9 177 (34.2) 93 (52.5) 47 (26.6) 20 (11.3) 17 (9.6)
≥28.0 37 (7.2) 18 (48.6) 14 (37.8) 3 (8.1) 2 (5.4)
Educational level 17.692 0.342
Elementary school and below 223 (43.1) 117 (52.5) 65 (29.1) 24 (10.8) 17 (7.6)
Junior high school 132 (25.5) 80 (60.6) 29 (22.0) 16 (12.1) 7 (5.3)
Technical/high school 108 (20.9) 69 (63.9) 24 (22.2) 10 (9.3) 5 (4.6)
Diploma/bachelor degree 51 (9.9) 2 (66.7) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (33.3)
Master degree and above 3 (0.6) 294 (56.9) 133 (25.7) 57 (11.1) 33 (6.3)
Marital status 30.374 0.002
Single 4 (0.8) 0 (0.0) 2 (50.0) 1 (25.0) 1 (25.0)
Married 371 (71.8) 225 (60.6) 88 (23.7) 35 (9.4) 33 (6.3)
Divorced 10 (1.9) 6 (60.0) 1 (10.0) 3 (30.0) 0 (0.0)
Widows 132 (25.5) 63 (47.7) 42 (31.8) 18 (13.6) 9 (6.9)
Number of children 23.139 0.027
Childless 8 (1.5) 4 (50.0) 3 (37.5) 0 (0.0) 1 (12.5)
One child 96 (18.6) 63 (65.6) 23 (24.0) 9 (9.4) 1 (1.0)
Two children 205 (39.7) 115 (56.1) 54 (26.3) 27 (13.2) 9 (4.4)
Three children and above 208 (40.2) 112 (53.8) 53 (25.5) 21 (10.1) 22 (10.6)
Pre-retirement occupation 3.256 0.917
Mental labor 181 (35.0) 100 (55.2) 47 (26.0) 22 (12.2) 12 (6.6)
Physical labor 245 (47.4) 141 (57.6) 60 (24.5) 26 (10.6) 18 (7.3)
Unemployed 91 (17.6) 53 (58.2) 26 (28.6) 9 (9.9) 3 (3.3)
Monthly personal income 24.918 0.071
<1,000 yuan ($143.9) 107 (20.7) 66 (61.7) 26 (24.3) 9 (8.4) 6 (5.6)
1,000–3,000 yuan ($143.9–431.7) 222 (42.9) 132 (59.5) 53 (23.9) 24 (10.8) 13 (5.8)
3,000–5,000 yuan ($431.7–719.5) 141 (27.3) 70 (49.6) 42 (29.8) 20 (14.2) 9 (6.4)
5,000–10,000 yuan ($719.5–1,439) 41 (7.9) 22 (53.7) 12 (29.3) 4 (9.8) 3 (7.2)
>10,000 yuan ($1,439) 6 (1.2) 4 (66.7) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 2 (33.3)
Religion 3.182 0.528
Yes 36 (7.0) 275 (57.2) 126 (26.2) 51 (10.6) 29 (6.0)
No 481 (93.0) 19 (52.8) 7 (19.4) 6 (16.7) 4 (11.1)
Smoking 6.867 0.143
Yes 98 (19.0) 237 (56.6) 116 (27.7) 42 (10.0) 24 (5.7)
No 419 (81.0) 57 (58.2) 17 (17.3) 15 (15.3) 9 (9.2)
Physical activity frequency 10.549 0.568
Rarely exercise 106 (20.5) 57 (53.8) 28 (26.4) 10 (9.4) 11 (10.4)
1–2 times per week 165 (31.9) 102 (61.8) 36 (21.8) 20 (12.1) 7 (3.3)
≥3 times per week 66 (12.8) 36 (54.5) 21 (31.8) 6 (9.1) 3 (4.6)
Exercise every day 180 (34.8) 99 (55.0) 48 (26.7) 21 (11.7) 12 (6.6)
Exercise duration 11.334 0.500
≤30 min 250 (48.4) 135 (54.0) 66 (26.4) 28 (11.2) 21 (8.4)
30–60 min 227 (43.9) 133 (58.6) 54 (23.8) 28 (12.3) 12 (5.3)
60–120 min 32 (6.2) 21 (65.6) 11 (34.4) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0)
≥120 min 8 (1.5) 5 (62.5) 2 (25.0) 1 (12.5) 0 (0.0)