Table 2.
Demographic characteristics of community-dwelling older adults with multimorbidity (n = 517).
| Characteristics | n (%) | Number of chronic conditions | χ 2 | p | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | 3 | 4 | ≥5 | ||||
| Gender | 5.571 | 0.234 | |||||
| Male | 237 (45.8) | 144 (60.8) | 53 (22.4) | 22 (9.3) | 18 (7.5) | ||
| Female | 280 (54.2) | 150 (53.6) | 80 (28.6) | 35 (12.5) | 15 (5.3) | ||
| Age (years) | 73.99 ± 6.67 | 32.644 | 0.001 | ||||
| 65 ~ 69 | 162 (31.3) | 104 (64.2) | 40 (24.7) | 13 (8.0) | 5 (3.1) | ||
| 70 ~ 74 | 149 (28.8) | 90 (60.4) | 37 (24.8) | 17 (11.4) | 5 (3.4) | ||
| 75 ~ 79 | 99 (19.1) | 56 (56.6) | 21 (21.2) | 15 (15.2) | 7 (7.0) | ||
| ≥80 | 107 (20.7) | 44 (41.1) | 35 (32.7) | 12 (11.2) | 16 (15.0) | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.57 ± 7.79 | 16.652 | 0.163 | ||||
| ≤18.4 | 33 (6.4) | 18 (54.5) | 8 (24.2) | 3 (9.1) | 4 (12.2) | ||
| 18.5 ~ 23.9 | 270 (52.2) | 165 (61.1) | 64 (23.7) | 31 (11.5) | 10 (3.7) | ||
| 24.0 ~ 27.9 | 177 (34.2) | 93 (52.5) | 47 (26.6) | 20 (11.3) | 17 (9.6) | ||
| ≥28.0 | 37 (7.2) | 18 (48.6) | 14 (37.8) | 3 (8.1) | 2 (5.4) | ||
| Educational level | 17.692 | 0.342 | |||||
| Elementary school and below | 223 (43.1) | 117 (52.5) | 65 (29.1) | 24 (10.8) | 17 (7.6) | ||
| Junior high school | 132 (25.5) | 80 (60.6) | 29 (22.0) | 16 (12.1) | 7 (5.3) | ||
| Technical/high school | 108 (20.9) | 69 (63.9) | 24 (22.2) | 10 (9.3) | 5 (4.6) | ||
| Diploma/bachelor degree | 51 (9.9) | 2 (66.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (33.3) | ||
| Master degree and above | 3 (0.6) | 294 (56.9) | 133 (25.7) | 57 (11.1) | 33 (6.3) | ||
| Marital status | 30.374 | 0.002 | |||||
| Single | 4 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (50.0) | 1 (25.0) | 1 (25.0) | ||
| Married | 371 (71.8) | 225 (60.6) | 88 (23.7) | 35 (9.4) | 33 (6.3) | ||
| Divorced | 10 (1.9) | 6 (60.0) | 1 (10.0) | 3 (30.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Widows | 132 (25.5) | 63 (47.7) | 42 (31.8) | 18 (13.6) | 9 (6.9) | ||
| Number of children | 23.139 | 0.027 | |||||
| Childless | 8 (1.5) | 4 (50.0) | 3 (37.5) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (12.5) | ||
| One child | 96 (18.6) | 63 (65.6) | 23 (24.0) | 9 (9.4) | 1 (1.0) | ||
| Two children | 205 (39.7) | 115 (56.1) | 54 (26.3) | 27 (13.2) | 9 (4.4) | ||
| Three children and above | 208 (40.2) | 112 (53.8) | 53 (25.5) | 21 (10.1) | 22 (10.6) | ||
| Pre-retirement occupation | 3.256 | 0.917 | |||||
| Mental labor | 181 (35.0) | 100 (55.2) | 47 (26.0) | 22 (12.2) | 12 (6.6) | ||
| Physical labor | 245 (47.4) | 141 (57.6) | 60 (24.5) | 26 (10.6) | 18 (7.3) | ||
| Unemployed | 91 (17.6) | 53 (58.2) | 26 (28.6) | 9 (9.9) | 3 (3.3) | ||
| Monthly personal income | 24.918 | 0.071 | |||||
| <1,000 yuan ($143.9) | 107 (20.7) | 66 (61.7) | 26 (24.3) | 9 (8.4) | 6 (5.6) | ||
| 1,000–3,000 yuan ($143.9–431.7) | 222 (42.9) | 132 (59.5) | 53 (23.9) | 24 (10.8) | 13 (5.8) | ||
| 3,000–5,000 yuan ($431.7–719.5) | 141 (27.3) | 70 (49.6) | 42 (29.8) | 20 (14.2) | 9 (6.4) | ||
| 5,000–10,000 yuan ($719.5–1,439) | 41 (7.9) | 22 (53.7) | 12 (29.3) | 4 (9.8) | 3 (7.2) | ||
| >10,000 yuan ($1,439) | 6 (1.2) | 4 (66.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (33.3) | ||
| Religion | 3.182 | 0.528 | |||||
| Yes | 36 (7.0) | 275 (57.2) | 126 (26.2) | 51 (10.6) | 29 (6.0) | ||
| No | 481 (93.0) | 19 (52.8) | 7 (19.4) | 6 (16.7) | 4 (11.1) | ||
| Smoking | 6.867 | 0.143 | |||||
| Yes | 98 (19.0) | 237 (56.6) | 116 (27.7) | 42 (10.0) | 24 (5.7) | ||
| No | 419 (81.0) | 57 (58.2) | 17 (17.3) | 15 (15.3) | 9 (9.2) | ||
| Physical activity frequency | 10.549 | 0.568 | |||||
| Rarely exercise | 106 (20.5) | 57 (53.8) | 28 (26.4) | 10 (9.4) | 11 (10.4) | ||
| 1–2 times per week | 165 (31.9) | 102 (61.8) | 36 (21.8) | 20 (12.1) | 7 (3.3) | ||
| ≥3 times per week | 66 (12.8) | 36 (54.5) | 21 (31.8) | 6 (9.1) | 3 (4.6) | ||
| Exercise every day | 180 (34.8) | 99 (55.0) | 48 (26.7) | 21 (11.7) | 12 (6.6) | ||
| Exercise duration | 11.334 | 0.500 | |||||
| ≤30 min | 250 (48.4) | 135 (54.0) | 66 (26.4) | 28 (11.2) | 21 (8.4) | ||
| 30–60 min | 227 (43.9) | 133 (58.6) | 54 (23.8) | 28 (12.3) | 12 (5.3) | ||
| 60–120 min | 32 (6.2) | 21 (65.6) | 11 (34.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| ≥120 min | 8 (1.5) | 5 (62.5) | 2 (25.0) | 1 (12.5) | 0 (0.0) | ||