Table 2.
Factors associated with illicit alcohol consumption among patrons in Zambia.
| Characteristics | *UOR (95% CI) | p-value | **AOR (95% CI) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Socio-demographic | ||||
| Age group | ||||
| 18–29 | Ref | Ref | ||
| 30–44 | 0.95 (0.59–1.54) | 0.843 | 0.65 (0.34–1.24) | 0.190 |
| 45–59 | 0.88 (0.46–1.67) | 0.695 | 0.59 (0.25–1.40) | 0.229 |
| 60–69 | 0.76 (0.13–4.34) | 0.762 | 0.48 (0.05–5.00) | 0.541 |
| 70 and above | 0.38 (0.05–2.81) | 0.345 | 0.78 (0.01–2.26) | 0.183 |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | Ref | Ref | ||
| Female | 0.40 (0.24–0.65) | 0.000 | 0.38 (0.20–0.73) | <0.003 |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married | Ref | Ref | ||
| Not married | 0.86 (0.55–1.33) | 0.496 | 0.59 (0.32–1.06) | 0.078 |
| Separated | 1.85 (0.67–5.12) | 0.234 | 0.94 (0.29–3.04) | 0.914 |
| Employment status | ||||
| Employed | Ref | NA | ||
| Unemployed | 0.55 (0.29–1.03) | 0.063 | ||
| Student | 0.75 (0.18–3.05) | 0.686 | ||
| Income | ||||
| Less than 4,001 | Ref | Ref | ||
| 4,001 – 10,000 | 1.87 (1.00–3.52) | 0.052 | 1.93 (0.90–4.17) | 0.093 |
| Above 10,000 | 0.44 (0.24–0.81) | 0.009 | 0.40 (0.19–0.85) | <0.017 |
| Residence | ||||
| Livingstone | Ref | Ref | ||
| Lusaka | 0.37 (0.20–0.68) | 0.002 | 0.27 (0.12–0.56) | <0.001 |
| Ndola | 0.33 (0.18–0.62) | 0.001 | 0.28 (0.12–0.62) | <0.002 |
| Behavioral variables | ||||
| Age at first drink | ||||
| 15< | Ref | Ref | ||
| 15–19 | 1.55 (0.89–2.72) | 0.124 | 1.43 (0.72–2.83) | 0.310 |
| 20–25 | 0.74 (0.40–1.36) | 0.328 | 0.52 (0.24–1.17) | 0.116 |
| >25 | 0.70 (0.32–1.53) | 0.372 | 0.71 (0.24–2.05) | 0.519 |
| Education | ||||
| Primary school (G1-G7) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Secondary school (G8-G9) | 0.99 (0.52–1.87) | 0.972 | 0.59 (0.25–1.41) | 0.239 |
| High school (G10-12) | 1.40 (0.77–2.57) | 0.272 | 0.83 (0.35–1.95) | 0.667 |
| College/ University | 0.79 (0.39–1.60) | 0.511 | 0.51 (0.19–1.34) | 0.171 |
| First alcohol introducer | ||||
| Friend or acquaintance | Ref | NA | ||
| Brother or sister | 1.66 (0.46–5.93) | 0.438 | ||
| Parent | 0.88 (0.39–2.01) | 0.768 | ||
| Spouse or Partner | 0.27 (0.07–1.02) | 0.054 | ||
| Other relative | 0.61 (0.21–1.72) | 0.347 | ||
| Stole it | 0.51 (0.24–1.09) | 0.082 | ||
| Purchased it myself | 0.70 (0.38–1.28) | 0.245 | ||
| Cannot recall | 0.28 (0.13–1.09) | 0.072 | ||
| Frequency of alcohol consumption | ||||
| Everyday | Ref | Ref | ||
| 5–6 days a week | 1.00 (0.32–3.17) | 1.000 | 0.97 (0.25–3.70) | 0.959 |
| 3–4 days a week | 0.63 (0.33–1.20) | 0.160 | 1.01 (0.43–2.36) | 0.984 |
| 1–2 days a week | 0.32 (0.18–0.57) | 0.000 | 0.38 (0.17–0.85) | 0.018 |
| 2–3 days a month | 0.18 (0.08–0.42) | 0.000 | 0.19 (0.06–0.53) | <0.002 |
| About 1 day a month | 0.03 (0.00–0.25) | 0.001 | 0.01 (0.00–0.19) | <0.001 |
| Less often | 0.26 (0.07–1.04) | 0.057 | 0.14 (0.02–0.81) | <0.028 |
| Alcohol pattern | ||||
| An occasional drinker | Ref | Ref | ||
| A light drinker | 1.70 (0.87–3.31) | 0.119 | 1.69 (0.68–4.19) | 0.259 |
| A social drinker | 1.24 (0.62–2.46) | 0.543 | 0.99 (0.40–2.42) | 0.976 |
| A heavy drinker | 3.01 (1.36–6.65) | 0.006 | 1.38 (0.44–4.29) | 0.577 |
| A binge drinker | 1.47 (0.52–4.22) | 0.469 | 0.62 (0.16–2.45) | 0.496 |
| Dependency variables | ||||
| Cannot stop drinking | ||||
| No | Ref | Ref | ||
| Yes | 3.08 (1.99–4.79) | 0.000 | 2.48 (1.35–4.57) | <0.003 |
| Failed to function normally due to drinking | ||||
| No | Ref | Ref | ||
| Yes | 2.05 (1.33–3.16) | 0.001 | 1.27 (0.71–2.25) | 0.423 |
| Needed a drink first thing in the morning | ||||
| No | Ref | Ref | ||
| Yes | 2.17 (1.40–3.37) | 0.001 | 0.72 (0.38–1.37) | 0.314 |
| Social impact variable | ||||
| Had problems with friends due to drinking | ||||
| No | Ref | Ref | ||
| Yes | 1.79 (1.16–2.75) | 0.008 | 0.92 (0.53–1.62) | 0.784 |
| Health consequence variables | ||||
| Visited hospital due to drinking | ||||
| No | Ref | Ref | ||
| Yes | 1.93 (1.05–3.55) | 0.034 | 1.10 (0.51–2.39) | 0.805 |
| Intent to quit | ||||
| No | Ref | NA | ||
| Yes | 1.15 (0.73–1.83) | 0.544 | ||
| Ever stopped drinking due to health reasons | ||||
| No | Ref | NA | ||
| Yes | 1.16 (0.72–1.87) | 0.532 | ||
Variables included in the multivariable analysis despite lack of statistical significance in univariate analysis: age group, marital status, education and age at first drink; UOR* Unadjusted odds ratio; AOR** Adjusted odds ratio; AOR. Bold values indicates statistically significant.