Table 3. Results from the questionnaires.

Factors	CF (n = 21)	ECC (n = 32)	P
Mode of delivery			χ2= 0.167, d.f. = 1 p= 0.683a
Spontaneous labor	13(61.9%)	18(56.3%)
Caesarean section	8(38.1%)	14(43.8%)
Birth weight (kg)	3.35(2.85 ∼3.6)	3.45(3.17 ∼3.68)	Z =  − 0.938, p= 0.348b
Feeding patterns within 6 months of birth			χ2= 4.085, d.f. = 3 p= 0.239c
Formula feeding only	0(0%)	5(15.6%)
Formula feeding mainly	0(0%)	0(0%)
Formula and breast feeding equal	7(33.3%)	8(25.0%)
Breast feeding mainly	1(4.8%)	3(9.4%)
Breast feeding only	13(61.9%)	16(50%)
Whether the mother has caries experience			χ2= 3.382, d.f. = 2 p= 0.184a
No	7(33.3%)	7(21.9%)
Yes, treated	9(42.9%)	15(46.9%)
Yes, untreated	3(14.3%)	10(31.3%)
Age of starting to brush teeth			χ2= 4.85, d.f. = 1 p= 0.028a
≤1 years old	13(61.9%)	10(31.3%)
>1 years old	8(38.1%)	22(68.8%)
Brushing teeth everyday			χ2= 10.48, d.f. =1 p= 0.01a
Yes	19(90.5%)	15(46.9%)
No	2(9.5%)	17(53.1%)
Frequency of brushing			χ2= 7.62, d.f. = 1 p= 0.006a
1 times/day	5(23.8%)	20(62.5%)
≥ 2 times/day	16(76.2%)	12(37.5%)
Duration of each brushing			χ2= 4.68, d.f. = 1 p= 0.045c
<3 min	13(61.9%)	28(87.5%)
≥ 3 min	12(38.1%)	4(12.5%)
Use of fluoride toothpaste			χ2= 5.11, d.f. = 1 p= 0.024a
Yes	19(90.5%)	20(62.5%)
No	2(9.5%)	12(37.5%)
Frequency of sugary drinks or food			χ2= 7.63, d.f. = 2 p= 0.022a
≤ 1 times/week	5(23.8%)	4(12.5%)
2–4 times/week	11(52.4%)	8(25.0%)
≥ 1 times/day	5(23.8%)	20(62.5%)
Intake of foods before bedtime (after brushing)			χ2= 3.75, d.f. = 2 p= 0.141c
≤ 1 times/week	16(76.2%)	16(50%)
2–4 times/week	4(19.0%)	10(31.3%)
≥ 1 times/day	1(4.8%)	6(18.8%)

Notes.

^aP of Chi-square test.

^bP of Mann–Whitney U test.

^cP of Fisher’s exact test.

CF

caries-free

ECC

early childhood caries