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. 2025 Feb 7;36(4):609–625. doi: 10.1007/s00198-025-07393-5

Table 2.

Studies’ and participants’ characteristics

Study author (country, year) RCT design Setting Sample size (n analyzed) Female % Age mean (SD) Health status/characteristics Topic*
Amasene (Spain, 2019)

Parallel

Single-blind

Placebo-controlled

Community

Post-hospitalization

A1: 21 (15)

A2: 20 (13)

A1: 46.7

A2: 53.8

A1: 82.9 (5.6)

A2: 81.7 (6.5)

Sarcopenic 1
Daly (Australia, 2014) Cluster Self-care retirement villages

A1: 53 (48)

A2: 47 (43)

A1: 100

A2: 100

A1: 72.1 (6.4)

A2: 73.6 (7.7)

Postmenopausal 1
De Azevedo Bach (Brazil, 2022)

Parallel

Double-blind

Placebo-controlled

Community

A1: 18 (15)

A2: 18 (16)

A1: 66.7

A2: 75.0

A1: 66.9 (4.3)

A2: 65.8 (5.0)

Healthy, older 1
Evans (USA, 2007)

Parallel

Double-blind

Placebo-controlled

NR

Total: 61 (43)

A1: (10)

A2: (12)

A3: (11)

A4: (10)

A1: 100

A2: 100

A3: 100

A4: 100

A1: 63.5 (4.8)

A2: 62.8 (5.3)

A3: 62.5 (5.3)

A4: 59.7 (5.2)

Postmenopausal 2
Fernandes (Brazil, 2018)

Parallel

Double-blind

Placebo-controlled

Community

A1: 16

A2: 16

A1: 100

A2: 100

A1: 67.3 (4.1)

A2: 67.8 (4.0)

Physically independent 1
Leenders (Netherlands, 2013)

Parallel

Double-blind

Placebo-controlled

Community

A1: 30 (27)

A2: 30 (26)

A1: 44

A2: 46

A1:

W: 72 (2)

M: 70 (1)

A2:

W: 69 (1)

M: 70 (1)

Living independently 1
Roschel (Brazil, 2021)

Parallel

Double-blind

Placebo-controlled

Community

A1: 45 (39)

A2: 22 (20)

A3: 45 (41)

A1: 49

A2: 100

A3: 49

A1:

W: 72 (6)

M: 73 (8)

A2: W: 72 (6)

A3:

W: 73 (6)

M: 72 (5)

Pre-frail or frail 1
Shenoy (India, 2014) Parallel NR

A1: 20

A2: 20

A1: 100

A2: 100

A1: 54.6 (5.2)

A2: 54.1 (6.9)

Postmenopausal

Osteopenic or osteoporotic

2
Verdijk (Netherlands, 2009)

Parallel

Double-blind

Placebo-controlled

Community

A1: 14 (13)

A2: 14 (13)

A1: 0

A2: 0

A1: 72 (2)

A2: 72 (2)

Living independently 1

A study arm, M men, W women, *Topic 1 additional effect of protein on exercise, Topic 2 additional effect of exercise on protein