Table 1.
Characteristics of patients included in this study
| Characteristics | Model building data (n = 25) | External validation data (n = 8) |
|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||
| Gender ratio, M/F | 15/10 | 6/2 |
| Age (years) | 69 (IQR 60–73; range 25–97) | 78 (IQR 64–80; range 25–86) |
| Weight (kg) | 92 (IQR 65–104; range 44–132) | Not recorded |
| Body mass index | 30 (IQR 26–33; range 17–46; n = 24) | 23 (n = 1) |
| Baseline clinical characteristics | ||
| Cardiovascular disease | 10 (40%) | 4 (50%) |
| Lung disease, e.g. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (n = 2 current smokers) | 4 (16%) | 1 (13%) |
| Prescribed immunosuppressants | 4 (16%) | 1 (13%) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 5 (20%) | 2 (25%) |
| Chronic kidney disease (eGFR 30–60 mL/min/1.73 m2) | 10 (40%) | 1 (13%) |
| Serum creatinine concentration (µmol/L) | 88 (IQR 72–110; range 40–195) | 81 (IQR 72–88; range 64–127) |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 72 (IQR 59–87; range 34–124) | 82 (IQR 79–90; range 33–108) |
| AST (U/L) | 29 (IQR 24–42; range 19–109) | 30 (IQR 21–39; range 6–43; n = 6) |
| ALT (U/L) | 22 (IQR 17–42; range 5–102) | 19 (IQR 13–35; range 8–51) |
| Albumin (g/L) | 31 (IQR 27–35; range 22–39; n = 24) | 34 (IQR 30–35; range 29–36) |
| Clinical management of COVID-19 | ||
| Prescribed oxygen therapy | 16 (64%) | 8 (100%) |
| Admitted to intensive care unit | 7 (28%) | 3 (38%) |
| Prescribed mechanical ventilatory support | 4 (16%)$ | 0 (0%) |
| Co-prescribed immunomodulatory drugs | ||
| Corticosteroids, mostly dexamethasone | 22 (88%) | 8 (100%) |
| Baricitinib | 12 (48%) | 8 (100%) |
| Tocilizumab | 2 (8%) | 0 (0%) |
| Sotrovimab | 2 (8%) | 0 (0%) |
| Co-prescribed antibiotics | 6 (24%) | 1 (13%) |
| Overall outcomes | ||
| Survived to discharge from hospital | 24 (96%) | 8 (100%) |
| Acute kidney injury | 1 (4%); stage 1* | 1 (13%); stage 1* |
| Worst disease severity in survivors | ||
| Mild | 5 (20%) | 3 (38%) |
| Moderate | 4 (16%) | 3 (38%) |
| Severe | 10 (40%) | 2 (25%) |
| Critical illness | 5 (20%) | 0 (0%) |
Data are expressed as median (interquartile range; range)
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; IQR, interquartile range
*Acute kidney injury graded according to the KDIGO classification [29], on the basis of an increase in serum creatinine above baseline, where stage 1 is 1.5–1.9 times baseline or > 26.5 µmol/L
$One patient was mechanically ventilated