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. 2025 May 9;16:4322. doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-59688-0

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© The Author(s) 2025

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Fig. 5 — a In-situ ¹³C NMR spectra for the conversion of M1 in d₆-ethanol at 120 °C. Reaction conditions: M1 (50 mg), CeO₂ (50 mg), d₆-ethanol (2 mL), 120 °C, 96 hours. b Proposed reaction mechanism showing the conversion of M1 on a hydroxylated CeO₂ surface.