Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants with RA across ABSI (per 0.01 units) quartiles
| aVariables | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||||
| Age, years |
36.705 (35.054,38.357) |
43.552 (41.606,45.498) | 49.068 (46.883,51.253) | 61.373 (59.598,63.148) | < 0.001 |
| Age group, years | < 0.001 | ||||
| ≤ 40 | 65.716 (59.196,71.693) | 44.797 (37.933,51.867) | 31.687 (25.260,38.898) | 9.946 (6.344,15.258) | |
| > 40, ≤ 60 | 27.692 (21.916,34.322) | 42.029 (35.581,48.761) | 44.102 (36.634,51.846) | 34.772 (28.189,41.995) | |
| > 60 | 6.592 (3.798,11.201) | 13.174 (9.443,18.084) | 24.212 (18.784,30.616) | 55.282 (48.284,62.077) | |
| Sex, n(%) | 0.159 | ||||
| Male | 42.072 (35.293,49.164) | 46.541 (39.993,53.211) | 49.642 (41.692,57.611) | 53.353 (46.427,60.152) | |
| Female | 57.928 (50.836,64.707) | 53.459 (46.789,60.007) | 50.358 (42.389,58.308) | 46.647 (39.848,53.573) | |
| Ethnicity, n(%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Mexican American | 7.679 (5.317,10.970) | 10.074 (7.493,13.416) | 10.912 (7.716,15.213) | 6.729 (4.772,9.410) | |
| Other Hispanic | 7.421 (4.504,11.989) | 8.371 (5.327,12.916) | 5.403 (3.215,8.941) | 3.365 (1.586,6.997) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 60.202 (52.880,67.094) | 65.104 (58.620,71.073) | 73.402 (68.526,77.767) | 75.605 (69.821,80.589) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 19.789 (15.723,24.599) | 11.378 (8.672,14.792) | 6.641 (4.802,9.116) | 4.352 (2.905,6.473) | |
| Other Race (Including Multi-Racial) | 4.909 (2.991,7.958) | 5.073 (2.964,8.550) | 3.642 (2.146,6.118) | 9.949 (6.473,14.991) | |
| Education level | 0.480 | ||||
| Under High School | 14.611 (11.138,18.937) | 21.838 (16.961,27.649) | 18.220 (13.728,23.776) | 21.144 (16.187,27.128) | |
| High School | 25.299 (19.136,32.647) | 21.575 (16.176,28.171) | 21.188 (15.789,27.823) | 23.829 (18.574,30.022) | |
| More Than High School | 60.090 (52.933,66.840) | 56.587 (49.715,63.215) | 60.592 (53.691,67.094) | 55.027 (47.591,62.246) | |
| PIR | 0.992 | ||||
| ≤ 1.5 | 23.605 (18.788,29.213) | 22.957 (18.852,27.652) | 21.781 (17.951,26.166) | 23.780 (18.263,30.346) | |
| > 1.5, ≤ 3.5 | 39.955 (33.558,46.713) | 40.191 (33.331,47.458) | 40.794 (33.773,48.211) | 42.273 (34.990,49.909) | |
| > 3.5 | 36.441 (29.999,43.408) | 36.852 (30.250,43.987) | 37.426 (30.019,45.473) | 33.947 (27.058,41.589) | |
| Marital status, n(%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Married/Living with a partner | 59.927 (54.179,65.413) | 67.363 (60.736,73.363) | 70.763 (63.428,77.157) | 66.389 (59.305,72.805) | |
| Never Married | 14.521 (10.493,19.754) | 16.849 (12.777,21.893) | 16.863 (11.893,23.359) | 28.610 (22.146,36.085) | |
| Divorced/Separated/Widowed | 25.552 (20.357,31.549) | 15.788 (11.365,21.514) | 12.374 (8.407,17.848) | 5.002 (2.704,9.070) | |
| Smoking status | < 0.001 | ||||
| Never | 60.596 (53.833,66.976) | 62.552 (55.381,69.210) | 47.893 (39.670,56.231) | 48.209 (40.929,55.566) | |
| Former | 16.922 (12.725,22.151) | 16.692 (11.948,22.831) | 32.364 (25.191,40.475) | 32.637 (26.100,39.927) | |
| Now | 22.482 (17.590,28.268) | 20.756 (15.509,27.207) | 19.743 (14.342,26.547) | 19.154 (13.715,26.098) | |
| Alcohol consumption | < 0.001 | ||||
| Never | 9.478 (6.779,13.101) | 9.887 (6.794,14.174) | 8.307 (5.577,12.199) | 16.171 (11.632,22.041) | |
| Former | 8.522 (5.538,12.894) | 13.430 (9.468,18.708) | 15.797 (11.222,21.780) | 24.586 (18.972,31.220) | |
| Mild | 36.341 (29.467,43.823) | 43.029 (36.505,49.803) | 34.469 (27.695,41.940) | 35.906 (29.031,43.413) | |
| Moderate | 21.976 (17.046,27.853) | 11.760 (8.226,16.539) | 22.520 (16.346,30.184) | 10.972 (6.989,16.816) | |
| Heavy | 23.683 (18.919,29.215) | 21.894 (16.877,27.902) | 18.907 (13.554,25.745) | 12.365 (8.259,18.108) | |
| Physical examination | |||||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.900 (27.079,28.722) | 28.494 (27.666,29.322) | 28.668 (27.769,29.567) | 28.609 (27.650,29.568) | 0.551 |
| BMI group, kg/m2 | 0.063 | ||||
| Underweight (< 18.5) | 1.072 (0.393,2.889) | 2.185 (0.958,4.902) | 0.445 (0.149,1.319) | 2.862 (0.920,8.549) | |
| Normal (18.5 to < 25) | 40.722 (33.962,47.854) | 31.001 (24.732,38.055) | 28.128 (21.125,36.382) | 26.172 (19.135,34.687) | |
| Overweight (25 to < 30) | 29.483 (23.033,36.874) | 31.666 (25.552,38.487) | 34.993 (28.188,42.469) | 35.335 (28.943,42.299) | |
| Obese (30 or greater) | 28.722 (22.863,35.393) | 35.149 (29.155,41.650) | 36.433 (29.148,44.399) | 35.630 (28.643,43.289) | |
| WC, cm | 89.254 (87.594,90.913) | 96.349 (94.383,98.316) | 100.843 (98.662,103.025) | 106.645 (104.248,109.042) | < 0.001 |
| PA | 0.009 | ||||
| No | 66.870 (59.445,73.541) | 74.278 (67.267,80.229) | 74.306 (66.029,81.142) | 83.715 (77.013,88.748) | |
| Yes | 33.130 (26.459,40.555) | 25.722 (19.771,32.733) | 25.694 (18.858,33.971) | 16.285 (11.252,22.987) | |
| Chronic diseases | |||||
| DM, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| No | 93.172 (89.342,95.693) | 85.588 (79.856,89.896) | 82.250 (75.640,87.365) | 65.033 (58.508,71.040) | |
| Prediabetes | 3.452 (1.808,6.491) | 4.116 (2.250,7.414) | 4.888 (2.580,9.069) | 9.436 (6.114,14.290) | |
| Yes | 3.376 (1.667,6.717) | 10.295 (6.562,15.794) | 12.863 (8.325,19.351) | 25.530 (19.891,32.127) | |
| CKD, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| No | 98.177 (95.038,99.344) | 96.394 (93.819,97.921) | 94.443 (91.372,96.463) | 86.460 (81.438,90.285) | |
| Yes | 1.823 (0.656,4.962) | 3.606 (2.079,6.181) | 5.557 (3.537,8.628) | 13.540 (9.715,18.562) | |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| No | 49.135 (41.772,56.536) | 35.766 (29.074,43.063) | 25.488 (19.057,33.199) | 15.067 (10.853,20.541) | |
| Yes | 50.865 (43.464,58.228) | 64.234 (56.937,70.926) | 74.512 (66.801,80.943) | 84.933 (79.459,89.147) | |
| Hypertension, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| No | 82.953 (77.931,87.023) | 67.959 (60.544,74.566) | 62.841 (55.432,69.692) | 42.618 (35.945,49.571) | |
| Yes | 17.047 (12.977,22.069) | 32.041 (25.434,39.456) | 37.159 (30.308,44.568) | 57.382 (50.429,64.055) | |
| Angina, n (%) | 0.022 | ||||
| No | 99.792 (99.086,99.953) | 99.043 (96.964,99.702) | 98.267 (95.459,99.350) | 97.254 (95.128,98.467) | |
| Yes | 0.208 (0.047,0.914) | 0.957 (0.298,3.036) | 1.733 (0.650,4.541) | 2.746 (1.533,4.872) | |
| CHF, n (%) | 0.003 | ||||
| No | 99.313 (98.141,99.748) | 98.760 (96.828,99.521) | 98.546 (96.210,99.450) | 95.620 (91.990,97.647) | |
| Yes | 0.687 (0.252,1.859) | 1.240 (0.479,3.172) | 1.454 (0.550,3.790) | 4.380 (2.353,8.010) | |
| COPD, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| No | 99.764 (98.295,99.968) | 98.602 (95.345,99.590) | 93.418 (88.092,96.457) | 91.232 (84.464,95.218) | |
| Yes | 0.236 (0.032,1.705) | 1.398 (0.410,4.655) | 6.582 (3.543,11.908) | 8.768 (4.782,15.536) | |
| CHD, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| No | 99.704 (98.827,99.926) | 97.642 (94.359,99.034) | 96.622 (93.201,98.352) | 91.510 (87.192,94.465) | |
| Yes | 0.296 (0.074,1.173) | 2.358 (0.966,5.641) | 3.378 (1.648,6.799) | 8.490 (5.535,12.808) | |
| Stroke, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| No | 99.861 (98.986,99.981) | 97.765 (94.768,99.063) | 96.214 (92.718,98.067) | 91.517 (86.907,94.604) | |
| Yes | 0.139 (0.019,1.014) | 2.235 (0.937,5.232) | 3.786 (1.933,7.282) | 8.483 (5.396,13.093) | |
| Medications | |||||
| Antidiabetic drug | < 0.001 | ||||
| No | 97.318 (93.781,98.868) | 94.314 (89.884,96.872) | 91.674 (87.104,94.722) | 82.079 (75.081,87.440) | |
| Yes | 2.682 (1.132,6.219) | 5.686 (3.128,10.116) | 8.326 (5.278,12.896) | 17.921 (12.560,24.919) | |
| Antihypertensive drug | < 0.001 | ||||
| No | 90.349 (86.461,93.209) | 79.862 (73.166,85.224) | 71.053 (63.080,77.908) | 48.034 (39.423,56.764) | |
| Yes | 9.651 (6.791,13.539) | 20.138 (14.776,26.834) | 28.947 (22.092,36.920) | 51.966 (43.236,60.577) | |
| Antihyperlipidemic drug | < 0.001 | ||||
| No | 96.787 (93.828,98.352) | 88.243 (83.449,91.785) | 80.934 (74.234,86.216) | 60.925 (53.059,68.262) | |
| Yes | 3.213 (1.648,6.172) | 11.757 (8.215,16.551) | 19.066 (13.784,25.766) | 39.075 (31.738,46.941) | |
| Anti-infective drug | 0.203 | ||||
| No | 94.374 (90.180,96.839) | 92.713 (88.146,95.608) | 96.827 (94.095,98.318) | 92.586 (87.126,95.841) | |
| Yes | 5.626 (3.161,9.820) | 7.287 (4.392,11.854) | 3.173 (1.682,5.905) | 7.414 (4.159,12.874) | |
| Alternative adiposity indices | |||||
| VAI | 1.650 (1.484,1.816) | 2.367 (2.020,2.714) | 2.722 (2.301,3.143) | 3.282 (2.842,3.723) | < 0.001 |
| LAP | 39.081 (34.910,43.252) | 63.506 (54.668,72.345) | 73.508 (64.628,82.389) | 97.560 (86.130,108.990) | < 0.001 |
| RFM | 32.287 (31.060,33.514) | 34.672 (33.650,35.694) | 35.984 (34.672,37.296) | 37.361 (36.203,38.520) | < 0.001 |
| BRI | 4.082 (3.857,4.307) | 4.974 (4.715,5.233) | 5.498 (5.200,5.796) | 6.313 (5.960,6.666) | < 0.001 |
| WHtR | 0.530 (0.519,0.540) | 0.573 (0.561,0.584) | 0.597 (0.585,0.610) | 0.632 (0.618,0.646) | < 0.001 |
| Laboratory data | |||||
| eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m | 101.421 (98.957,103.885) | 98.392 (95.781,101.004) | 93.282 (90.697,95.866) | 83.186 (80.517,85.856) | < 0.001 |
| FPG, mg/dL | 95.807 (94.515,97.099) | 102.316 (97.482,107.151) | 105.744 (101.511,109.976) | 115.139 (110.807,119.472) | < 0.001 |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 54.954 (52.902,57.005) | 54.543 (52.265,56.821) | 53.756 (49.884,57.629) | 50.597 (48.674,52.519) | 0.007 |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 110.787 (107.814,113.759) | 116.232 (112.930,119.533) | 116.916 (112.685,121.148) | 113.892 (110.280,117.504) | 0.032 |
| TG, mg/dL | 115.507 (105.985,125.029) | 149.357 (132.819,165.896) | 163.954 (145.575,182.334) | 193.406 (171.780,215.031) | < 0.001 |
| TC, mg/dL | 187.619 (182.220,193.018) | 198.859 (194.077,203.641) | 202.463 (195.505,209.421) | 197.939 (191.590,204.288) | 0.002 |
| Alb, g/dL | 4.352 (4.301,4.403) | 4.350 (4.311,4.389) | 4.305 (4.259,4.351) | 4.202 (4.136,4.267) | 0.001 |
| Uric acid, mg/dL | 5.045 (4.860,5.229) | 5.254 (5.073,5.435) | 5.345 (5.140,5.550) | 5.543 (5.360,5.725) | 0.005 |
| SCR, mg/dL | 0.848 (0.825,0.871) | 0.838 (0.807,0.868) | 0.862 (0.833,0.892) | 0.940 (0.890,0.990) | < 0.001 |
| u-ALB, ug/mL | 12.867 (9.373,16.361) | 16.063 (9.834,22.293) | 32.724 (19.206,46.243) | 30.396 (21.031,39.761) | < 0.001 |
| Ucr, mg/dL | 125.284 (114.531,136.038) | 125.871 (114.642,137.101) | 120.127 (108.461,131.794) | 110.287 (98.923,121.651) | 0.130 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.296 (5.241,5.352) | 5.503 (5.413,5.593) | 5.620 (5.499,5.740) | 5.850 (5.738,5.963) | < 0.001 |
| Neutrophil, % | 57.198 (56.069,58.328) | 58.618 (57.406,59.830) | 58.787 (57.449,60.124) | 61.538 (60.346,62.730) | < 0.001 |
| Monocyte, % | 8.145 (7.842,8.449) | 7.549 (7.251,7.848) | 7.907 (7.616,8.199) | 8.101 (7.802,8.400) | 0.016 |
| Lymphocyte, % | 31.189 (30.189,32.189) | 30.531 (29.528,31.535) | 29.668 (28.409,30.926) | 26.677 (25.580,27.774) | < 0.001 |
| All-cause mortality, (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| No | 97.615 (95.168,98.838) | 93.885 (90.297,96.202) | 89.093 (84.190,92.610) | 74.510 (68.064,80.037) | |
| Yes | 2.385 (1.162,4.832) | 6.115 (3.798,9.703) | 10.907 (7.390,15.810) | 25.490 (19.963,31.936) | |
| CVD mortality, n(%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| No | 99.931 (99.498,99.991) | 98.040 (95.028,99.242) | 96.314 (93.039,98.080) | 92.448 (89.139,94.807) | |
| Yes | 0.069 (0.009,0.502) | 1.960 (0.758,4.972) | 3.686 (1.920,6.961) | 7.552 (5.193,10.861) | |
| Cancer mortality, n(%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| No | 99.565 (98.398,99.883) | 99.612 (98.282,99.913) | 96.388 (93.108,98.138) | 92.523 (88.729,95.110) | |
| Yes | 0.435 (0.117,1.602) | 0.388 (0.087,1.718) | 3.612 (1.862,6.892) | 7.477 (4.890,11.271) | |
Significant differences are indicated by bold P values (P < 0.05)
Abbreviations: Q1–Q4 quartile 1–4 Q1(6.677–7.808), Q2(7.808–8.160), Q3(8.160–8.504), Q4(8.504–9.895), NHANES National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, WHtR Waist height ratio, PIR the ratio of family income to poverty, PA physical activity, DM Diabetes mellitus, BMI body mass index, CKD chronic kidney disease, CHF Congestive heart failure, ABSI a body shape index, VAI visceral adiposity index, BRI Body roundness index, WC waist circumference, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, TG triglyceride, TC cholesterol, RFM Relative fat mass, CHD Coronary heart disease, Alb albumin, SCR serum creatinine, u-ALB urinary albumin, Ucr Urine Creatinine, HbA1c glycosylated hemoglobin, Neutrophil Neutrophil percentage, Monocyte Monocyte percentage, FPG fasting plasma glucose, Lymphocyte Lymphocyte percentage, CVD cardiovascular disease, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, LAP lipid accumulation product
aFor continuous variables: survey-weighted mean (95% CI); categorical variables: Percentages (weighted %) (95%CI); the p-value was determined by survey-weighted linear regression (svyglm)