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. 2025 May 10;24:170. doi: 10.1186/s12944-025-02584-9

Table 2.

Associations of ABSI, WWI, and C-index with all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality

Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 1 Model 2
HR (95% CI) P -value HR (95% CI) P -value HR (95% CI) P -value HR (95% CI) P -value HR (95% CI) P -value
All-cause mortality All-cause mortality

ABSI

(per 0.01 units)

 6.726 (4.788,9.447) <0.001 2.060 (1.439,2.948) <0.001 2.074 (1.413,3.044) <0.001 WWI 2.818 (2.275,3.491) <0.001 1.596 (1.271,2.005) <0.001
ABSI quartiles WWI quartiles
Q1 ref ref ref Q1 ref ref
Q2 2.800 (1.188,6.603) 0.019 1.944 (0.794,4.761) 0.146 2.359(0.874,6.370) 0.090 Q2 2.732 (1.270,5.879) 0.010 1.334(0.652,2.731) 0.429
Q3 5.847 (2.576,13.272) <0.001 3.040 (1.322,6.990) 0.009 3.541(1.481,8.463) 0.004 Q3 4.842(2.262,10.362) <0.001 1.751(0.916,3.348) 0.09
Q4 15.998 (8.164,31.348) <0.001 3.710 (1.939,7.099) <0.001 4.025(1.945,8.330) <0.001 Q4 11.667(5.775,23.570) <0.001 2.326(1.234,4.384) 0.009
P for trend <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 P for trend <0.001
CVD mortality CVD mortality 0.007

ABSI

(per 0.01 units)

 7.842 (4.561,13.484) <0.001 2 .241(1.218,4.123) 0.009 2.248(1.048,4.821) 0.038 WWI 3.991 (2.936,5.425) <0.001 2.437 (1.581,3.756) <0.001
ABSI quartiles WWI quartiles
Q1 ref ref ref Q1 ref ref
Q2 32.118 (3.669,281.140) 0.002 16.199(1.838,142.785) 0.012 33.626 (1.982,570.559) 0.015 Q2 7.682 (1.693,34.868) 0.008 3.318(0.630,17.472) 0.157
Q3 72.662 (9.100,580.192) <0.001 28.477(3.490,232.338) 0.001 52.837(3.055,913.893) 0.006 Q3 18.101 (5.025,65.210) <0.001 5.070(1.275,20.156) 0.021
Q4 178.517 (23.826,11337.548) <0.001 28.655(3.560,230.631) 0.001 49.183(2.587,934.922) 0.009 Q4 53.987(17.186,169.595) <0.001 8.491(2.427,29.708) <0.001
P for trend <0.001 0.008 0.024 P for trend <0.001
Cancer mortality Cancer mortality 0.001

ABSI

(per 0.01 units)

 8.904 (5.232,15.150) <0.001 3.420 (1.754,6.669) <0.001 4.237 (2.092,8.580) <0.001 WWI 2.356 (1.746,3.179) <0.001 1.362 (0.879,2.110) 0.167
ABSI quartiles WWI quartiles
Q1 ref ref ref Q1 ref ref
Q2 0.971 (0.138,6.812) 0.976 0.555(0.084,3.693) 0.543 0.573(0.089,3.680) 0.557 Q2 4.976(1.284,19.280) 0.020 2.124(0.477,9.459) 0.323
Q3 10.213 (2.546,40.975) 0.001 4.613(1.120,19.014) 0.034 4.607(1.144,18.557) 0.032 Q3 6.828(1.953,23.867) 0.002 2.292(0.660,7.967) 0.192
Q4 24.584 (6.706,90.126) <0.001 5.751(1.631,20.273) 0.006 6.783(2.069,22.236) 0.002 Q4 11.571(3.767,35.541) <0.001 2.327(0.689,7.858) 0.174
P for trend <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 P for trend <0.001 0.343
Model 3 Model 1 Model 2 Model 3
HR (95% CI) P -value HR (95% CI) P -value HR (95% CI) P -value HR (95% CI) P -value
All-cause mortality All-cause mortality

ABSI

(per 0.01 units)

 1.436 (1.096,1.882) 0.008

C_index

( per 0.01 units)

1.095

(1.075,1.115)

 <0.001 1.596 (1.271,2.005) <0.001 1.025 (1.002,1.048) 0.035
ABSI quartiles C_index quartiles
Q1 ref Q1 ref ref ref
Q2 1.370(0.565,3.321) 0.486 Q2 2.732 (1.270,5.879) 0.010 1.633(0.794,3.362) 0.183 1.835(0.824,4.087) 0.137
Q3 1.738(0.834,3.620) 0.140 Q3 4.842(2.262,10.362) <0.001 1.617(0.844,3.098) 0.147 1.442(0.667,3.119) 0.352
Q4 2.259(1.053,4.843) 0.036 Q4 11.667(5.775,23.570) <0.001 2.053(1.182,3.565) 0.011 1.939(1.000,3.759) 0.049
P for trend <0.001 P for trend <0.001 0.017 0.122
CVD mortality CVD mortality

ABSI

(per 0.01 units)

 2.431(1446,4.087) <0.001

C_index

( per 0.01 units)

 1.114 (1.081,1.148) <0.001 2.437 (1.581,3.756) <0.001 1.047(1.005,1.090) 0.028
ABSI quartiles C_index quartiles
Q1 ref Q1 ref ref ref
Q2 4.297 (0.616,29.974) 0.141 Q2 7.682 (1.693,34.868) 0.008 1.620(0.341,7.698) 0.544 2.147(0.370,12.475) 0.395
Q3 7.937(1.438,43.790) 0.017 Q3 18.101 (5.025,65.210) <0.001 1.703(0.331,8.757) 0.524 1.381(0.190,10.061) 0.750
Q4 13.129(2.522,68.364) 0.002 Q4 53.987(17.186,169.595) <0.001 2.603(0.543,12.476) 0.231 3.006(0.489,18.473) 0.235
P for trend 0.017 P for trend <0.001 0.106 0.186
Cancer mortality Cancer mortality

ABSI

(per 0.01 units)

 1.541 (0.960,2.473) 0.074

C_index

( per 0.01 units)

 1.100 (1.068,1.134) <0.001 1.362 (0.879,2.110) 0.167 1.055 (1.015,1.097) 0.007
ABSI quartiles C_index quartiles
Q1 ref Q1 ref ref ref
Q2 2.188(0.529,9.049) 0.280 Q2 4.976(1.284,19.280) 0.020 2.278(0.438,11.843) 0.327 2.474(0.503,12.170) 0.265
Q3 2.409(0.648,8.951) 0.189 Q3 6.828(1.953,23.867) 0.002 2.398(0.580,9.908) 0.227 2.464(0.516,11.764) 0.258
Q4 3.184(0.737,13.743) 0.121 Q4 11.571(3.767,35.541) <0.001 3.090(0.754,12.663) 0.117 4.246(0.878,20.529) 0.072
P for trend 0.160 P for trend <0.001 0.102 0.037

Results: HR (95% CI) P -value

Outcome: All-cause mortality, CVD mortality, and Cancer mortality

Exposure: ABSI(per 0.01 units); Stratified by ABSI quartiles; WWI; WWI quartiles; C_index(per 0.01 units); C_index quartiles; ABSI Q1–Q4, quartile 1–4; Q1(6.677–7.808), Q2(7.808–8.160), Q3(8.160–8.504), Q4(8.504–9.895);

WWI Q1–Q4, quartile 1–4; Q1(8.551–10.432), Q2(10.432–11.052), Q3(11.052–11.622), Q4(11.622–14.381); C-index Q1–Q4, quartile 1–4; Q1(103.597–124.418), Q2(124.418–130.861), Q3(136.861–137.215), Q4(137.215–159.212); p for trend

Model 1: None

Model 2: adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, education level, and marital status

Model 3: adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, education level, marital status; PIR, smoking status, alcohol consumption, DM, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, CKD, COPD, stroke, antihypertensive drug, antihyperlipidemic drug, lymphocyte percentage, neutrophil percentage, HbA1c, and eGFR

Abbreviations : CI confidence interval, CVD cardiovascular disease, HR hazard ratioCox proportional hazard models were used to estimate HRs and 95% CIs