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. 2025 May 10;13:495. doi: 10.1186/s40359-025-02832-8

Table 2.

Results of hierarchical regression analysis

Model 1
(N = 356)
Model 2
(N = 356)
Model 3
(N = 356)
Predictor β p-value β p-value β p-value
Age of mother − 0.199 0.011* 0.045 0.567 0.011 0.889
Education − 0.253 < 0.001*** − 0.176 < 0.001*** − 0.138 0.003**
Income 0.055 0.227 − 0.023 0.600 0.002 0.959
Number of children 0.127 0.022 0.002 0.969 0.047 0.374
Mean Age of children 0.051 0.527 − 0.071 0.354 − 0.127 0.093
Currently a Working Mothera − 0.370 < 0.001*** − 0.362 < 0.001*** − 0.337 < 0.001***
Traditional Gender-Roles Attitudes 0.409 < 0.001*** 0.377 < 0.001***
Agreeableness 0.060 0.297
Conscientiousness 0.095 0.110
Neuroticism 0.100 0.025*
Openness to Experience − 0.128 0.008**
R2 36.8% 46.1% 50.9%

a Currently a Working Mother (0 = Currently a Stay-at-Home Mother, 1 = Currently a Working Mother)

N = sample size

*statistically significant at p <.05; ** statistically significant at p <.01; *** statistically significant at p <.001