Table 4.

Upper extremity.

Publication	Year	Purpose	Image Modality	Patients	Ground Truth	Key Innovation	Outcome
Zhang et al. (63)	2021	LN segmentation and metastatic analysis	US	90	Pathological examination	Evaluated BPNN for ultrasound image segmentation	Acc = 0.97
Farfan Cabrera et al. (64)	2021	Pathological ALN segmentation	PET/CT	52	Manual delineation	Leveraging CT anatomy and PET function; enhancing CNN with C-Tree analysis	Dice = 0.87
Xu et al. (65)	2022	All ALN segmentation	US	216	Manual delineation	Novel bi-network with SAM and graph model enhances LN segmentation	Dice = 0.83