Fig. 4. In vivo antimalarial effects of thiorphan and racecadotril.

A Schematic representation (created by Biorender.com) of the in vitro Kell enzymatic activity with the mice erythrocytes. B Bar graph illustrating the enzymatic activity of the Kell antigen in murine erythrocytes under varying concentrations of thiorphan, highlighting the dose-dependent inhibition of Kell-mediated proteolytic activity. C Line graph depicting the antimalarial efficacy of thiorphan (2.5 mg/kg) in reducing parasite density in a murine model infected with Plasmodium berghei, demonstrating its potential therapeutic effects as compared to untreated (no. of mice in each group = 3). D Representative Giemsa-stained microscopic images displaying the morphological impact of Thiorphan treatment on P. berghei-infected erythrocytes in mice, emphasizing parasite clearance post-treatment. E Survival curve comparing Thiorphan-treated versus untreated mice, showcasing improved survival rates in the treated group. F Dose-response graph showing the effects of different concentrations of Racecadotril (5, 25, 125 mg/kg) administered via intraperitoneal injection on parasite density in P. berghei-infected mice, indicating a concentration-dependent reduction in parasitemia. G Representative microscopic images of Giemsa-stained blood smears from mice treated with Racecadotril, illustrating the extent of parasitic reduction at its different concentrations. H Survival plot comparing the longevity of Racecadotril-treated and untreated mice, with significant survival benefits observed in the treated cohort (*p < 0.05).