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. 2025 Apr 4;17(1):1754. doi: 10.4102/jamba.v17i1.1754

TABLE 3.

Themes and sub-themes used for presenting the findings.

Themes Sub-themes
1: Participants’ understanding of indigenous and Western knowledge and complementary use of both
  • 1.1:

    Understanding of IK within local communities

  • 1.2:

    Understanding of WK-based approaches to disaster risk reduction within local communities

  • 1.3:

    Understanding the need for complementary use of IKS and WKS in DRR
2: Indigenous indicators used to forecast or predict the different hazards and disasters in the study sites
  • 2.1:

    Birds indicators

  • 2.2:

    Plants, shrubs and herbs indicators

  • 2.3:

    Lunar, climatic and wind indicators

  • 2.4:

    Environmental and Indigenous Belief Systems indicators

IK, indigenous knowledge; WK, Western knowledge; IKS, Indigenous Knowledge Systems; WKS, Western Knowledge Systems; DRR, Disaster Risk Reduction.