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. 2025 Apr 21;15(12):5756–5771. doi: 10.7150/thno.106913

Figure 4.

Figure 4

In vitro biological abilities of hydrogels. (A-C) ROS clearance of different hydrogels with DPPH, PTIO, and ABTS reagent. (D), Amplified SEM image of Gelatin and KGN@TA nanofiber-loaded hydrogel (scale bar = 1 μm). (E) In vitro hydrogel degradation in an enzyme environment. KGN (F) and manganese ion (G) are released from GT2M and GT4M hydrogel (n=3). (H) Schematic image of M2 polarization of macrophage, recruitment of BMSC, and chondrogenesis of BMSC while co-cultured with GT4MKS hydrogel. (I) Fluorescent staining of biomarkers (CD68, CD206, and iNOS) and DAPI in macrophages with or without LPS, LPS, and GT4MKS treatment (scale bar = 40 μm). (J) BMSCs migration with or without GT4M, GT4MK, and GT4MKS treatment (scale bar = 400 μm). (K) Gene expression of SOX9, ACAN, Col2a with or without GT4M, GT4MK, and KGN treatment in BMSCs (n=3).