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. 2025 May 12;16:3797. doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-59092-8

Table 2.

Results of overall survival prediction (concordance index) and clustering (pairwise log-rank score) with 95% confidence intervals in the validation cohort

Method Clustering Concordance index (↑) Pairwise log-rank score (↑)
CPH 0.651 (0.650, 0.652) -
AFT 0.647 (0.645, 0.649] -
SSVM 0.651 (0.648, 0.654) -
GBDT 0.652 (0.650, 0.655] -
K-Means 0.584 (0.561, 0.593) 41.97 (39.27, 44.33)
HAC 0.572 (0.568, 0.575) 30.01 (25.07, 36.27)
NSC 0.650 (0.647, 0.652) 56.23 (50.36, 62.77)
GEMS 0.665 (0.662, 0.667) 69.17 (58.98, 76.98)

The bold type indicates the best performance.

AFT accelerated failure time, CPH Cox proportional hazard, SSVM survival support vector machine, GBDT gradient-boosted decision trees, HAC Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering, NSC Neural Survival Clustering, GEMS Graph-Encoded Mixture Survival.