Table 3.

Sample treatment approaches

Sample treatment approaches	Brief description/reason for inclusion	Provision by IBD professionals
Self-administered interventions
Diaphragmatic breathing	Involves breathing deeply and expanding the lungs into the diaphragm43. May decrease stress as measured by physiologic biomarkers, as well as psychological self-report tools.3	IBD professionals are able to recommend and provide instruction on this intervention.
Yoga	Offers physical and mental health benefits for people of all ages, including beneficial effects on health-related quality of life and anxiety.44	IBD professionals are able to recommend and provide resources on this intervention.
Mindfulness-based stress reduction	An effective method for reducing physical and psychological suffering while building resilience, balance, and peace of mind.	IBD professionals are able to recommend and provide resources on this intervention.
Psychosocial interventions
CBT	CBT has been demonstrated to be effective for treatment of depression and anxiety disorders.41,45,46	IBD professionals are able to recommend this intervention but should refer to a mental health professional for its provision.
Primary and secondary control enhancement therapy	A disease-specific CBT protocol for youth with depression.	IBD professionals are able to recommend this intervention but should refer to a mental health professional for its provision.
Behavioral activation therapy	A type of CBT that serves as a simple psychological treatment for depression and is widely accepted.47	IBD professionals are able to recommend this intervention but should refer to a mental health professional for its provision.
Pharmacological interventions
ADM	Suggested ADMs include SSRIs, TCAs, and SNRIs. SSRIs and SNRIs can also be used as a first-choice treatment for generalized anxiety.48	IBD professionals are able to recommend and provide this intervention but may also wish to engage a psychiatrist.
Anti-TNF-α therapy	A type of treatment in which medication reduces active inflammatory cells in the intestinal tissue. Evidence shows that anti-inflammatory treatments show promising effects on improving depressive symptoms in the general population.49	IBD professionals are able to recommend and provide this intervention.

Abbreviations: ADM, antidepressant medication; CBT, cognitive behavioral therapy; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; SNRI, serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor; SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor; TCA, tricyclic antidepressant; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α.