Table 4.

Theoretical frameworks and behavior change techniques (BCTs) used in included interventions (N=34).

Author (year)	Theory used	BCTs useda
Anand et al [59], (2020)	—b	Level 1: 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 13 Level 2: 4, 17, 20 Level 3: 18, 23
Bauermeister et al [70], (2019)	Cognitive- emotional decision-making framework	Level 1: 1, 2, 6, 8 Level 2: 4, 5, 17, 20 Level 3: 12
Brody et al [60], (2022)	—	Level 1: 1, 2, 8 Level 2: 4, 20
Bull et al [78], (2009)	Theory of reasoned action and planned behavior and social cognitive theory	Level 1: 1, 2, 3, 6, 19 Level 2: 4 Level 3: 18
Bull et al [77], (2012)	—	Level 1: 1, 3, 6, 8, 19 Level 2: 4, 5, 20
Christensen et al [69], (2013)	Theory of planned behavior and social cognitive theory	Level 1: 1, 2, 6, 8, 13 Level 2: 4, 5, 7, 17, 22 Level 3: 24
Cordova et al [79], (2020)	Ecodevelopment theory and empowerment theory	Level 1: 1, 2, 6, 8 Level 2: 4, 20
Ezegbe et al [52], (2018)	Rational emotive behavior therapy theory	Level 1: 1, 2, 6, 19 Level 2: 4, 17, 21, 22
Fiellin et al [80], (2017)	—	Level 1: 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 19 Level 2: 4, 5, 17
Hightow-Weidman et al [68], (2012)	Integrated behavioral model	Level 1: 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 13, 19 Level 2: 4, 5, 7, 20 Level 3: 12
Hightow-Weidman et al [67], (2019)	Integrated behavioral model	Level 1: 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 13, 19 Level 2: 4, 5, 7, 20, 21 Level 3: 12, 18
Jones et al [81], (2013)	Sex script theory and theory of power as knowing participation in change	Level 1: 6, 8, 19 Level 2: 4, 5, 22
Klein and Card [82], (2011)	Social cognitive theory and the theory of gender and power	Level 1: 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 13, 19 Level 2: 4, 5, 20
Lau et al [56], (2016)	—	Level 1: 1, 2, 3, 6, 8 Level 2: 4, 20
Levy et al [61], (2021)	Cognitive dissonance	Level 1: 1, 13 Level 2: 4, 7
Logie et al [55], (2023)	—	Level 1: 1, 2, 8, 9 Level 2: 4, 5, 17, 20 Level 3: 18
Marsch et al, [75], (2011)	—	Level 1: 1, 2, 6, 8 Level 2: 4, 5, 20
Marsch et al [76], (2015)	—	Level 1: 1, 2, 6, 8 Level 2: 4, 5, 20
McCrimmon et al [83], (2024)	Psychological wise theory	Level 1: 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 13, 19 Level 2: 4, 5, 10, 17, 22 Level 3: 12, 25
Mustanski et al [66], (2013)	Information-motivation-behavior-skills model	Level 1: 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 13, 19 Level 2: 4, 5, 10, 17 Level 3: 11, 18, 23
Mustanski et al [65], (2018)	Information-motivation-behavior-skills model	Level 1: 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 13, 19 Level 2: 4, 5, 10, 17 Level 3: 11, 18, 23
Nelson et al [64], (2022)	—	Level 1: 1, 2, 6, 8, 9, 13, 19 Level 2: 4, 5, 7
Newcomb et al [71], (2023)	Dyadic health model	Level 1: 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 13, 19 Level 2: 4, 5, 16, 17, 20, 21 Level 3: 18, 23, 24, 25
Peskin et al [73], (2015)	Social cognitive behavioral theory	Level 1: 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 19 Level 2: 4, 5, 17, 22 Level 3: 11, 12
Santa Maria et al [74], (2021)	Information-motivation-behavior model	Level 1: 1, 2, 6, 8, 13 Level 2: 4, 17 Level 3: 11, 23
Schnall et al [63], (2022)	Social learning theory	Level 1: 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 19 Level 2: 4, 5, 22 Level 3: 11, 18, 25
Swendeman et al [84], (2024)	Social cognitive theory	Level 1: 1, 2, 3, 6, 13, 14, 19 Level 2: 4, 5, 7, 10, 17, 20, 21 Level 3: 11, 18, 25
Widman et al [72], (2018)	Reasoned action model and fuzzy trace theory	Level 1: 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 13, 19 Level 2: 4, 5, 17 Level 3: 12, 25
Widman et al [85], (2020)	Reasoned action model and fuzzy trace theory	Level 1: 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 13, 19 Level 2: 4, 5, 17 Level 3: 12, 25
Wray et al [62], (2019)	—	Level 1: 1, 2, 6, 13, 19 Level 2: 4, 5, 10, 17, 20, 22 Level 3: 11, 12, 25
Ybarra et al [53], (2013)	Information-motivation-behavior model	Level 1: 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 9 Level 2: 4 Level 3: 18
Ybarra et al [54], (2015)	Information-motivation-behavior model	Level 1: 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 9 Level 2: 4 Level 3: 18
Yi et al [57], (2024)	Cognitive behavioral therapy	Level 1: 1, 2, 8, 9, 13 Level 2: 4, 5, 10, 17, 20, 22 Level 3: 11, 12, 18, 24
Zhang et al [58], (2024)	—	Level 1: 1, 2, 3, 8, 9 Level 2: 4, 20

^aLevel 1 to level 3 are 3 hierarchical levels of BCTs based on BCT taxonomy developed by Abraham and Michie [29]: level 1, to provide information and resources; level 2, to initiate action; level 3, to manage and maintain health behaviors for a sustainable change.

^bNot available.