Table 6.

Risk of bias assessment for included studies using the Joanna Briggs Institute appraisal tool (N=34).

Author (year)	Quality (%)	Randomized	Concealed allocation	Similar to baseline	Participants blind to assignment	Deliverers blind to assignment	Identical groups except intervention of interest	Outcome assessors blind to assignment	Identical outcome measurement	Reliable outcome measurement	Analysis of follow-up	Analysis according to correct groupings
Anand et al [59], (2020)	73	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Bauermeister et al [70], (2019)	64	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Brody et al [60], (2022)	73	Yes	Unclear	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes
Bull et al [78], (2009)	55	Yes	Unclear	No	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Bull et al [77], (2012)	64	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Christensen et al. [69], (2013)	64	Yes	No	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Cordova et al [79], (2020)	64	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Unclear	No	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Ezegbe et al [52], (2018)	91	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Fiellin et al [80], (2017)	64	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Hightow-Weidman et al [68], (2012)	55	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	No	Yes
Hightow-Weidman et al [67], (2019)	64	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Jones et al [81], (2013)	82	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Klein and Card [82], (2011)	64	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Unclear	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes
Lau et al [56], (2016)	73	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Levy et al [61], (2021)	55	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	No	Yes
Logie et al [55], (2023)	45	Yes	No	No	Unclear	Unclear	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes
Marsch et al [75] (2011)	64	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Marsch et al [76], (2015)	64	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
McCrimmon et al [83], (2024)	45	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	No	No
Mustanski et al [66], (2013)	82	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	No	Yes
Mustanski et al [65], (2018)	91	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Nelson et al [64], (2022)	55	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	No	Yes
Newcomb et al [71], (2023)	55	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	No	Unclear	Yes	Yes	No	Yes
Peskin et al [73], (2015)	64	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Unclear	No	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Santa Maria et al [74], (2021)	55	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Schnall et al [63], (2022)	82	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	No	Yes
Swendeman et al [84], (2024)	82	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Widman et al [72], (2018)	73	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Widman et al [85], (2020)	64	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Unclear	Unclear	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Wray et al [62], (2019)	64	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Ybarra et al [53], (2013)	64	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Ybarra et al [54], (2015)	64	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Yi et al [57], (2024)	55	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	No	No
Zhang et al [58], (2024)	64	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	No	Yes