Table 2.

Ideas and goals of human-centric digital health and neoliberal digital health.

Ideas and goals of human-centric digital health	Ideas and goals of neoliberal digital health
Maximization of health and wellness for all. Efficiency and cost saving cannot override human rights, privacy, and autonomy.	Maximization of own economic gain. Maximal efficiency and minimized costs.
Digitalization of health data that is ethically and lawfully collected.	Digitalization of all personal information.
Digital health Services are public goods. Public and private production of health services.	Private ownership of digital health services. Private production of health services.
Health data are not commodities and cannot be monetized.	Commodification and monetization of health data.
Personal health data are owned by the data subject and are not public goods or commodities. A person is the owner of digital products, such as digital patient twin derived from health data.	Private ownership of health data and digital products derived from it.
Strengthening of the role of the state. Strong privacy, dignity, and autonomy regulations	Deregulation and minimization of the role of the state. Weakening of privacy regulations.
Public and private organizations have responsibility for the consequences of the use and sharing of health data and digital products derived from data.	No responsibility for negative consequences.
Patient is the stakeholder in digital health.	Patient is a health consumer.
A person has the moral responsibility to promote good health behaviors and is not solely responsible for their own health and sickness.	Making a person or patient responsible for their own health and sickness management.