Table 3.
Ordered Logistic Regression Models on Happiness and Life Satisfaction by Country Cluster
| Variable | Western | Eastern | Nordic | Southern | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | |
| OR | OR | OR | OR | OR | OR | OR | OR | |
| Happiness | ||||||||
| Family structure (Ref. Partner and children) | ||||||||
| Partner, no children | 0.99 | 1.03 | 0.82* | 0.97 | 0.90 | 0.88 | 0.99 | 0.79* |
| Children, no partner | 0.44** | 0.47** | 0.55** | 0.68** | 0.40** | 0.41** | 0.41** | 0.51** |
| No partner, no children | 0.50** | 0.52** | 0.41** | 0.66** | 0.35** | 0.30** | 0.40** | 0.51** |
| Social connectedness | 1.67** | 1.84** | 1.90** | 1.84** | 1.73** | 1.76** | 1.90** | 2.09** |
| Family * connectedness | ||||||||
| Partner, no children* Social connectedness | 1.09 | 1.00 | 0.76 | 0.11 | 1.17 | 0.90 | 1.36* | 1.09 |
| Children, no partner* Social connectedness | 1.37** | 1.16** | 1.11 | 1.03 | 1.42** | 1.39** | 1.16 | 1.13 |
| No partner, no children* Social connectedness | 1.59** | 1.06 | 0.92 | 1.10 | 1.48** | 1.52** | 1.43** | 1.06 |
| Life satisfaction | ||||||||
| Family structure (Ref. partner and children) | ||||||||
| Partner, no children | 1.06 | 1.08 | 1.01 | 0.90 | 0.90 | 1.02 | 0.93 | 0.84* |
| Children, no partner | 0.58** | 0.57** | 0.71** | 0.77** | 0.59** | 0.57** | 0.54** | 0.61** |
| No partner, no children | 0.65** | 0.66** | 0.60** | 0.84* | 0.55** | 0.50** | 0.61** | 0.66** |
| Social connectedness | 1.64** | 1.75** | 1.71** | 1.65** | 1.62** | 1.80** | 1.75** | 1.94** |
| Family * connectedness | ||||||||
| Partner, no children* Social connectedness | 1.01 | 1.12 | 0.92 | 1.08 | 0.96 | 0.83 | 1.29* | 0.97 |
| Children, no partner* Social connectedness | 1.10 | 1.16** | 1.03 | 0.97 | 1.27* | 1.23* | 0.94 | 1.00 |
| No partner, no children* Social connectedness | 1.37** | 0.99 | 0.86 | 1.11 | 1.33* | 1.27* | 1.16 | 1.15 |
| Observations | 24,367 | 25,848 | 19,334 | 26,755 | 9,932 | 9,755 | 9,054 | 10,965 |
Notes: Control variables include those presented in Table 2, country dummies, 6 dummies for survey round (from 6 to 11), and 10 intercepts for each cut point in happiness and life satisfaction scales. Nordic countries are: Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden. Western countries are: Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Germany, France, Ireland, and United Kingdom. Eastern countries are: Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Hungary, Czech Republic, Bulgaria, Slovakia, Poland, Russia, Ukraine, North Macedonia, Slovenia, Serbia, Croatia, Kosovo, Albania, Montenegro. Southern countries are: Italy, Greece, Portugal, Cyprus, and Spain. Results weighted for the post-stratified design weights. OR = odds ratio; Ref. = Partner and children. ** p < .01. * p < .05.