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. 2025 May 13;29:190. doi: 10.1186/s13054-025-05436-1

Table 3.

Comparisons between spontaneous and resistive breathing

Spontaneous breathing Resistive breathing p-value
Basic respiratory parameters
RR, breaths/min 27 (± 9.29) 29.3 (± 9.15) 0.01
Vt, ml 354.08 (± 180.44) 243.41 (± 138.06)  < 0.001
RSBI, breaths/min/L 80.7 (47.16, 131.4) 146.8 (79.34, 201.9)  < 0.001
Ti, s 0.8 (0.7, 1) 0.8 (0.7, 1) 0.826
Texp, s 1.53 (1.04, 1.96) 1.14 (1.02, 1.44)  < 0.001
Ti/Ttot 0.36 (± 0.1) 0.41 (0.11) 0.005
MIF, ml/s 369.3 (284.68, 485.64) 265.2 (154.57, 343.67)  < 0.001
Diaphragmatic ultrasound
Dex, cm 1.05 (0.7, 1.59) 1.44 (0.89, 1.96) 0.002
Tfdi 0.46 (± 0.2) 0.55 (± 0.32) 0.019
Manometric indices
ΔPes, cmH2O 6.8 (4.6–10.23) 11.87 (7.86, 18.32)  < 0.001
ΔPdi, cmH2O 7.94 (± 3.81) 10.89 (± 6.42)  < 0.001
PTPes, cmH2O*s 97.52 (55.96–179.87) 181.10 (108.34, 311.7)  < 0.001

RR = respiratory rate, Vt = tidal volume, Ti = inspiratory time, Ti/Ttot = the ratio of inspiratory time to respiratory time, MIF = mean inspiratory flow, Dex = diaphragmatic excursion, Tfdi = diaphragmatic thickening fraction, ΔPes = esophageal pressure swings, ΔPdi = transdiaphragmatic pressure swings, PTPes = pressure–time product of the esophageal pressure. Table entries represent means (± SD), medians (25th, 75th interquartile range. Comparisons between groups were performed with Student’s t test or Mann–Whitney U test respectively. P values represent the difference between spontaneous and resistive breathing