Table 2.

Human studies of IL-33 in allergic diseases

Model of study	Result	Ref
placebo-controlled phase 2a study, for Etokimab(an anti–IL-33 biologic) to desensitize peanut-allergic adults(ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02920021)	- Reduce atopy-related adverse events - Reduced IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13, ST2 levels - Reduced peanut-specific IgE	[123]
Role of IL-33 and ST2R in human asthma patients	- Increased serum levels of soluble ST2	[17, 164]
Evaluate serum IL-33 in patients with asthma.	-Higher level of IL-33 in patients with asthma -Higher IL-33 in the allergic asthma -Higher serum IL-33 level in eosinophilic asthma -No difference in serum IL-33 level between different asthma severity groups	[165]
IL-33 polymorphisms with asthma (rs4742170 and rs7037276, and rs1342326)	- rs4742170 and rs7037276 are associated with intermediate-onset wheeze - rs1342326 is associated with persistent wheeze - rs928413 and rs1342326 are relevant to asthma	[68, 166]
SNP in IL-33, rs1888909, rs1041973 and rs873022 are associated with	-Decreased production of sST2 in atopic -Increases asthma risk -Associated with post-bronchiolitis asthma	[167, 168]
IL-33 in HDM induced AR	-Stimulated Th2 cells to produce IL-5 -Responsible for induction of local inflammation -IL-33 is crucial in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis, nasal polyps	[106, 169]
IL-33 in asthma	-Greater IL-33 mRNA expression in epithelial cells of airway biopsies -High levels of sST2 and IL-33 in the plasma and sputum	[72, 77]
Etokimab, a humanized immunoglobulin subtype G1/κ monoclonal Ab	-Inhibits IL-33 activity -Inhibition of IL-33/IL-12–induced IFN-γ release in whole blood	[170]
24 Japanese cedar (JC) pollinosis patients and 14 HDM-sensitized patients with AR	-IL-33 protein level is increased in sinus mucosa -significant correlation with the total nasal symptom score	[171]