qPCR	Quantitative polymerase chain reaction
dPCR	Digital polymerase chain reaction
ddPCR	Droplet digital polymerase chain reaction
PCR	Polymerase chain reaction
NGS	Next-generation sequencing
DNA	Deoxyribonucleic acid
GMO	Genetically modified organism
EMA	Economically motivated adulteration
FT-IR	Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
FT-MIR	Fourier-transform mid-infrared spectroscopy
NIR	Near-infrared spectroscopy
FT-NIR	Fourier-transform near-infrared spectroscopy
HSI	Hyperspectral imaging
SWIR-HSI	Shortwave infrared hyperspectral imaging
VNIR-HSI	Visible and near-infrared hyperspectral imaging
AI	Artificial intelligence
LC-MS/MS	Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
UPLC-MS	Ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
UPLC-MS/MS	Ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
GC-MS	Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
LOD	Limit of detection
LOQ	Limit of quantification
VOC	Volatile organic compound