Table 1.
Comparison of Metabolic, Lifestyle and Mental Health Parameters Among Relatives with Normal Weight, Overweight or Obesity
| Total Population n=220 (100%) |
Normal Weight n=43 (19.55%) | Overweight n=89 (40.45%) | Obesity n=88 (40.0%) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women, n (%) | 152 (30.9) | 33 (76.7) | 64 (71.9) | 55 (62.5) | 0.19 |
| Men, n (%) | 68 (69.0) | 10 (23.2) | 25 (28.0) | 33 (37.5) | |
| Age, years, (RIQ) | 50 (39–59) | 47 (36–57) | 50 (41–59) | 50 (39–58) | 0.49 |
| Metabolic syndrome (≥3 factors) | 94 (42.7) | 1 (2.3) | 43 (48.3) | 50 (56.8) | <0.001 |
| Hypertriglyceridemia (≥150mg/dL) | 106 (48.1) | 10 (23.2) | 45 (50.5) | 51 (57.9) | 0.001 |
| Low HDL (<40mg/dl in men, <50mg/dL in women) | 127 (57.7) | 18 (41.8) | 53 (59.5) | 56 (63.6) | 0.055 |
| Arterial hypertension (>130/80 mmHg) | 44 (20.0) | 5 (11.6) | 15 (16.8) | 24 (27.2) | 0.07 |
| Altered fasting glucose (≥100mg/dL) | 40 (18.1) | 5 (11.6) | 18 (20.2) | 17 (19.3) | 0.48 |
| BMI ≥25 kg/m2 | 177 (80.4) | —- | 89 (100) | 88 (100) | |
| BMI, kg/m2, (RIQ) | 28.9 (25.6–32.6) | 23.3 (21.5–24.2) | 27.4 (26.2–28.9) | 33.3 (31.9–36.4) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg (RIQ) | 119 (110–126) | 112 (101–120) | 119 (110–127) | 120 (113–128) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg (RIQ) | 74 (69–88) | 69 (64–76) | 73 (69–79) | 77 (73–80) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dl, (RIQ) | 146 (110–205) | 119 (88–146) | 154 (111–220) | 162 (124–205) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dl (RIQ) | 185 (163–209) | 188 (173–209) | 185 (159–207) | 185 (168–210) | 0.82 |
| Non-HDL-cholesterol, mg/dl (RIQ) | 141 (123–162) | 140 (115–162) | 142 (119–159) | 141 (126–166) | 0.52 |
| HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL (RIQ) | 44 (36–51) | 50 (39–58) | 44 (38–51) | 42 (36–49) | 0.01 |
| Cholesterol-LDL cholesterol, mg/dl, (RIQ) | 120 (100–138) | 114 (95–140) | 118 (94–137) | 126 (105–139) | 0.35 |
| TG/HDL <3.5 | 3.4 (2.2–4.9) | 2.3 (1.6–3.5) | 3.5 (1.3–5.6) | 3.8 (2.5–5.9) | 0.001 |
| TG/HDL >3.5 | 109 (49.5) | 12 (27.9) | 45 (50.5) | 52 (59.0) | 0.004 |
| Glucose, mg/dl (RIQ) | 89 (81–95) | 86 (80–92) | 89 (83–97) | 90 (82–97) | 0.03 |
| HbA1c, %, (RIQ) | 5.6 (5.3–5.9) | 5.5 (5.3–5.8) | 5.5 (5.3–5.9) | 5.7 (5.4–6.0) | 0.04 |
| Prediabetes, n (%) | 86 (39.4) | 16 (37.2) | 31 (34.8) | 39 (45.3) | 0.34 |
| Creatinine, mg/dl, (RIQ) | 0.73 (0.64–0.83) | 0.72 (0.64–0.83) | 0.74 (0.65–0.81) | 0.71 (0.63–0.87) | 0.84 |
| ALT, U/L, (RIQ) | 21 (15–31) | 16 (13–23) | 20 (16–28) | 26 (18–39) | <0.001 |
| AST, U/L, (RIQ) | 20 (16–25) | 18 (16–22) | 20 (16–24) | 21 (16–26) | 0.13 |
| GGT, U/L, (RIQ) | 26 (16–43) | 17 (15–35) | 25 (15–38) | 33 (23–49) | <0.001 |
| Uric acid, mg/dl (RIQ) | 5.2 (4.5–6.1) | 5.0 (4.3–5.4) | 5.1 (4.4–5.9) | 5.7 (4.8–6.4) | 0.001 |
| Albumin/creatinine index, mg/dl (RIQ) | 6.0 (4.3–9.4) | 6.0 (4.6–8.3) | 5.8 (3.7–7.9) | 6.2 (4.6–12.9) | 0.06 |
| Altered Electrocardiography, n (%) | 36 (18.0) | 9 (21.4) | 12 (14.8) | 15 (19.7) | 0.60 |
| Presence of retinal microaneurysms, n (%) | 6 (3.7) | 1 (2.9) | 2 (3.2) | 3 (4.7) | 0.86 |
| Fat mass, % (RIQ) | 36.1 (31.6–40.1) | 30.1 (27.8–33.5) | 35.9 (31.2–37.6) | 41.1 (36.7–43.1) | <0.001 |
| Lean mass, kg (RIQ) | 42.1 (37.6–49.6) | 36 (34–41) | 40 (37–45) | 46 (41–55) | <0.001 |
| Daily calories consumed, median (RIQ) | 1607 (1321–1909) | 1529 (1261–1859) | 1571 (1260–1896) | 1737 (1416–1972) | 0.24 |
| Abnormal waist circumference, n (%) | 193 (87.7) | 25 (58.1) | 80 (89.89) | 88 (100) | <0.001 |
| Daily carbohydrates consumed, % (RIQ) | 46 (40–52) | 47 (42–51) | 47 (40–52) | 45 (40–52) | <0.001 |
| Daily protein intake, % (RIQ) | 19 (17–20) | 19 (17–20) | 18 (16–20) | 19 (17–20) | 0.85 |
| Daily fat intake, % (RIQ) | 36 (31–40) | 36 (30–40) | 35 (31–41) | 35 (31–40) | 0.96 |
| Abnormal score for HADS, anxiety, n (%) | 82 (37.2) | 13 (30.2) | 34 (38.2) | 35 (39.7) | 0.55 |
| Abnormal score for HADS, depression, n (%) | 77 (35.0) | 18 (41.8) | 27 (30.3) | 32 (36.3) | 0.4 |
| Emotional eating, n (%) | 29 (13.1) | 4 (9.30) | 9 (10.11) | 16 (18.18) | 0.2 |
| Moderate exercise per week, min, (RIQ) | 90 (0–110) | 60 (0–200) | 120 (0–240) | 90 (0–195) | 0.73 |
| Number of comorbidities, n (%) | |||||
| 0 | 29 (13.3) | 7 (16.2) | 14 (15.7) | 8 (9.3) | 0.18 |
| 1 | 77 (35.3) | 16 (37.2) | 37 (41.5) | 24 (27.9) | |
| 2 | 62 (28.4) | 13 (30.2) | 21 (23.6) | 28 (32.5) | |
| 3 or more | 50 (22.9) | 7 (16.2) | 17 (19.1) | 26 (30.2) |
Notes: This table presents the metabolic, lifestyle, and mental health parameters compared across three distinct groups: normal weight, overweight, and obesity. The number of participants (n) and their respective percentages (%) within each weight category are shown. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP), measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg), triglyceride levels, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) percentages are reported as means with their interquartile ranges (IQR) in parentheses. Alanine transaminase (ALT) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels are presented in units per liter (UI/L). Body mass index (BMI) is shown in kilograms per square meter (kg/m²). Caloric intake is reported in kilocalories (KCal). The percentage of participants engaging in emotional eating, and the median time spent on moderate exercise per week (min/wk), are also included. The ‘p’ values indicate the statistical significance of the differences observed between the groups, with a value of less than 0.05 generally considered significant.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HDL, high-density Lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; HADS, Hospital anxiety and depression scale.