Figure 2.

Basic functions of viral proteins once secreted into the extracellular medium. It has been reported that during infection by viruses such as EBV, dengue virus, SARS-CoV-2, RSV, rotavirus, Ebola virus, and HIV, some proteins are secreted into the extracellular medium, where they play an important role in concluding the cycle of viral pathogenesis. Some of these proteins are BARF1 and VIL-10 (EBV), NS1 (dengue virus), ORF-8 (SARS-CoV-2), glycoprotein (RSV), NSP4 (rotavirus), delta peptide (Ebola virus), and Tat (HIV). These proteins can act as immunomodulators, inhibiting the activity of immune cells or inducing the production of immunosuppressive cytokines. Others can interfere with cell signaling pathways, leading to dysregulation of cellular processes and increased viral replication.