An official website of the United States government
Here's how you know
Official websites use .gov
A
.gov website belongs to an official
government organization in the United States.
Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock (
) or https:// means you've safely
connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive
information only on official, secure websites.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Forest plot and summary table of causal estimates from MVMR analyses testing for direct causal effects of T1D and continuous DM-associated variables (HbA1c, fasting insulin, and BMI) on PE. Error bars show 95% CI for overall estimates (OR) from each MR method (left).