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. 2025 Apr 22;13(9):960. doi: 10.3390/healthcare13090960
CLBP Chronic Low Back Pain
LBP Low Back Pain
RCT Randomized Controlled Trial
PRISMA Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
GRADE Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation
SMD Standardized Mean Difference
CI Confidence Interval
ODQ Oswestry Disability Questionnaire
RM Roland–Morris Disability Questionnaire
VAS Visual Analogue Scale
NRS Numerical Rating Scale
VRS Verbal Rating Scale
PICOS Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcomes, Study Design
IÂ2 Higgins’ I-squared (statistical heterogeneity)
PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews
MDPI Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
R Statistical software environment