ACTH	Adrenocorticotropic hormone
ADA	American Diabetes Association
AKT	Protein kinase B
AMPK	AMP-activated protein kinase
ARHGEF11	Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 11
ANGPTL	Angiopoietin-like protein
BCAAs	Branched-chain amino acids
BMI	Body mass index
CBG	Corticosteroid-binding globulin
CISH	Cytokine-inducible SH2 protein
CRH	Corticotropin
DOC	Deoxycorticosterone
E2	Estrogen Estradiol
EL	Endothelial lipase
ER	Estrogen receptor
ER-stress	Endoplasmic reticulum stress
FAO	Fatty acid oxidation
FDA	United States Food and Drug Administration
FFA	Free fatty acids
G6PC	Glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit
GDM	Gestational diabetes mellitus
GH	Growth hormone
GHR	Growth hormone receptor
GLUT	Glucose transporter
HbAc1	Glycated hemoglobin
HFD	High fat diet
HOMA-IR	Homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance
HPA	Hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal
ICAM	Intracellular adhesion molecule
IGF	Insulin growth factor
IGFR	Insulin growth factor receptor
IL	Interleukin
IR	Insulin receptor
IRS	Insulin receptor substrate
IUGR	Intrauterine growth restriction
JAK	Janus kinase
LGA	Large for gestational age
MCP	Monocyte chemoattractant protein
mTOR	Mammalian target of rapamycin
NEFA	Nonesterified fatty acids
NF-kB	Nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells
PCK1	Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1
PI3K	Phosphatidyllinositol-3 kinase
p58α	Phosphatidyllinositol-3 kinase subunit
PL	Placental lactogen
PRL	Prolactin
PRLR	Prolactin receptor
SNAT1	Sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter
SNPs	Single nucleotide polymorphisms SNPs
SOCS	Suppressor of cytokine signaling
STAT	Signal transducers and activator or transcription
T2D	Type 2 diabetes
T3	Triiodothyronine
T4	Thyroxine
TBG	Thyroxine-binding globulin
TNF-α	Tumor necrosis factor α
TSH	Thyroid-stimulating hormone
VCAM	Vascular cell adhesion molecule