Table 1.

Effects of monk fruit extract on glucose metabolism and insulin regulation.

Factor	Country (Year)
	Singapore (2017)	Singapore (2017)	USA (2024)
Legal Considerations	Calorie-matched, FDA-approved	FDA-approved non-nutritive sweeteners	FDA GRAS-approved sweetener
Population	30 healthy adults M:F = 16:14; non-diabetic	30 healthy adults M:F = 16:14	50 adults M:F = 28:22; insulin-sensitive and insulin-resistant
Study Design	RCT, crossover	RCT, crossover	RCT, double-blind, crossover
Intervention	MFE, stevia, aspartame, sucrose beverages	MFE, stevia, aspartame, sucrose-sweetened beverages	MFE-sweetened yogurt
Duration	Single session	Single session	Single session
Outcome Measures	Postprandial glucose; insulin; energy intake; satiety response	Postprandial glucose, insulin AUC, energy intake	Reinforcing value of sugar; glucose response; insulin sensitivity
Key Findings	MFE ↓ glucose AUC −18%; ↓ insulin AUC −22% vs. sucrose	MFE ↓ glucose AUC −18%; ↓ insulin AUC −22% vs. sucrose	MFE ↓ sugar cravings −23%; ↓ fasting glucose −6%
Cochrane Risk of Bias	Low	Low	Low
Jadad Score	5	5	5
References	[6]	[9]	[10]

Jadad scale—0–5; M—male; F—female; AUC—area under the curve; ↓—decrease.