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. 2025 Apr 30;12:1563759. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2025.1563759

Table 2.

Relationship between alcohol consumption dose/frequency and atherosclerosis.

Inclusion in the study Sample size OR 95%CI Alcohol dosage/frequency
LCI UCI
Akihiko Krtamur 1998 2,317 0.69 0.37 1.29 1-22 g/d
Akihiko Krtamur 1998 2,419 0.55 0.29 1.05 23-45 g/d
Akihiko Krtamur 1998* 1,667 0.41 0.19 0.88 46-68 g/d
Akihiko Krtamur 1998 580 0.59 0.23 1.51 ≥69 g/d
Annie Britton 2004(male) 93 1 0.78 1.23 1-2time/month
Annie Britton 2004(male) 219 0.97 0.80 1.12 Daily
Annie Britton 2004(male) 41 1.23 0.83 1.83 ≥2time/day
Annie Britton 2004(female) 61 1.15 0.84 1.57 1-2time/month
Annie Britton 2004(female) 59 0.72 0.50 1.02 Daily
Annie Britton 2004(female) 7 0.81 0.33 2.01 ≥2time/month
Belén Moreno-Franco 2020(Never-smokers) 104 0.95 0.53 1.72 2-30 g/day
Belén Moreno-Franco 2020(Never-smokers) 33 1.14 0.56 2.32 30-60 g/d
Belén Moreno-Franco 2020(Never-smokers) 6 0.69 0.21 2.13 ≥60 g/day
Belén Moreno-Franco 2020(Ever-smokers)* 550 2.59 1.49 4.48 2-30 g/day
Belén Moreno-Franco 2020(Ever-smokers) 280 3.17 1.79 5.61 30-60 g/d
Belén Moreno-Franco 2020(Ever-smokers) 70 4.39 2.16 8.93 ≥60 g/day
Dong Hyun Sinn 2014* 452 0.71 0.56 0.90 <10 g/day
Dong Hyun Sinn 2014 456 0.80 0.62 1.04 10-20 g/day
Dwayne Reed 1991* / 0.64 0.44 0.87 52 mL/day
Flávio D.Fuchs 2004(white male) 1,141 1.05 0.7 1.58 1-70 g/week
Flávio D.Fuchs 2004(white male) 633 0.81 0.5 1.32 70 g-140 g/week
Flávio D.Fuchs 2004(white male) 368 0.81 0.45 1.44 140 g-210 g/week
Flávio D.Fuchs 2004(white male) 503 0.69 0.4 1.18 ≥210 g/week
Flávio D.Fuchs 2004(white female) 1,250 0.64 0.36 1.12 1-70 g/week
Flávio D.Fuchs 2004(white female) 703 0.55 0.27 1.13 ≥70 g/week
Flávio D.Fuchs 2004(black male) 247 1.80 0.86 3.76 1-70 g/week
Flávio D.Fuchs 2004(black male) 171 1.13 0.45 2.84 70 g-140 g/week
Flávio D.Fuchs 2004(black male) 90 2.67 1.12 6.34 140 g-210 g/week
Flávio D.Fuchs 2004(black male) 147 1.10 0.40 2.98 ≥210 g/week
Flávio D.Fuchs 2004(black female) 372 0.49 0.20 1.18 ≥1 g/week
Hermann Brenner 2001 102 0.71 0.44 1.15 ≤125 g/Week
Hermann Brenner 2001 121 0.84 0.51 1.40 >125 g/Week
Janne Tolstrup 2006(male) 140 0.93 0.75 1.16 1 days/week
Janne Tolstrup 2006(male)* 424 0.78 0.66 0.94 2–4 days/week
Janne Tolstrup 2006(male)* 195 0.71 0.57 0.87 5-6 days/week
Janne Tolstrup 2006(male)* 305 0.59 0.48 0.71 7 days/week
Janne Tolstrup 2006(female)* 95 0.64 0.51 0.81 1 days/week
Janne Tolstrup 2006(female)* 187 0.63 0.52 0.77 2–4 days/week
Janne Tolstrup 2006(female) 77 0.79 0.61 1.03 5-6 days/week
Janne Tolstrup 2006(female)* 90 0.65 0.51 0.84 7 days/week
Jeanne K.Tofferi 2004 313 1.02 0.64 1.63 <1 Drink/day
Jeanne K.Tofferi 2004 95 1.13 0.59 2.15 1–2 Drink/day
Jeanne K.Tofferi 2004 62 1.26 0.69 2.59 >2 Drink/day
Jurgen T.Rehm 1997(male)* 977 0.7641 0.6135 0.9518 <2 Drink/week
Jurgen T.Rehm 1997(male)* 665 0.6205 0.4858 0.7924 2–7 Drink/week
Jurgen T.Rehm 1997(male)* 272 0.6461 0.4756 0.8776 8–14 Drink/week
Jurgen T.Rehm 1997(male)* 217 0.6632 0.4739 0.9283 15–28 Drink/week
Jurgen T.Rehm 1997(male)* 89 0.5135 0.2978 0.8853 29–42 Drink/week
Jurgen T.Rehm 1997(male) 61 0.6199 0.3598 1.0682 >42 Drink/week
Jurgen T.Rehm 1997(female) 1,661 0.9276 0.7791 1.1044 <2 Drink/week
Jurgen T.Rehm 1997(female)* 507 0.5068 0.3668 0.7003 2–7 Drink/week
Jurgen T.Rehm 1997(female) 127 0.6172 0.3508 1.0861 8–14 Drink/week
Jurgen T.Rehm 1997(female) 73 0.6083 0.3103 1.1927 15–28 Drink/week
Jurgen T.Rehm 1997(female) 10 2.5556 1.1912 5.4830 >42 Drink/week
Koichi Handa 1990 21 1.22 0.4 3.71 Light
Koichi Handa 1990* 80 0.29 0.13 0.63 Moderate
Koichi Handa 1990 53 1.12 0.48 2.63 Heavy
Marcello Ricardo Paulista Markus 2015 209 1.07 0.94 1.22 20 g/day
Marcello Ricardo Paulista Markus 2015 1.20 0.94 1.53 30 g/day
Marcello Ricardo Paulista Markus 2015 64 1.32 0.94 1.84 40 g/day
Marcello Ricardo Paulista Markus 2015 1.42 0.95 2.11 50 g/day
Marcello Ricardo Paulista Markus 2015 43 1.48 0.96 2.30 60 g/day
Marcello Ricardo Paulista Markus 2015 1.54 0.96 2.45 70 g/day
Marcello Ricardo Paulista Markus 2015 1.56 0.96 2.51 80 g/day
Mark J.Pletcher 2005 933 1.1 0.8 1.5 1–6 Drink/week
Mark J.Pletcher 2005 315 1.3 0.8 2.1 7–13 Drink/week
Mark J.Pletcher 2005 218 1.5 0.9 2.7 ≥14 Drink/week
Umed A.Ajani 2015 225 0.93 0.78 1.12 Monthly
Umed A.Ajani 2015 939 0.89 0.78 1.02 weekly
Umed A.Ajani 2015* 436 0.67 0.57 0.78 Daily
William B.Kannel 1996 / 0.8 0.5 1.2 <1.5 g/day
William B.Kannel 1996 / 0.6 0.4 1 1.5–4.9 g/day
William B.Kannel 1996* / 0.6 0.4 0.9 5.0–14.9 g/day
William B.Kannel 1996 / 0.6 0.3 1.1 15–24.9 g/day
William B.Kannel 1996* / 0.4 0.2 0.8 >25 g/day
Yann Le Strat 2011* 15,884 0.71 0.64 0.79 12 months moderate consumption
Yann Le Strat 2011* 9,578 0.6 0.49 0.66 12 months hazardous drinking
Yann Le Strat 2011 1,484 0.8 0.59 1.1 12 months alcohol dependence
Yiti Liu 2024 37 1.34 0.5 3.56 <140 g/week
Yiti Liu 2024 104 3.87 1.65 9.06 140-279 g/week
Yiti Liu 2024 119 2.71 1.36 5.41 ≥280 g/week

*Alcohol dosage/frequency is associated with arteriosclerosis. Bold font represents alcohol dosage/frequency is associated with artisosclerosis.