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. 2025 Apr 30;16:1535352. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2025.1535352

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Copyright © 2025 Su, Zhang, Wang, Hu, Zhou, Zhu, Liu and Liu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Targeted amino acid metabolomics analysis of clinical patient serum and non-targeted metabolomics analysis of mouse serum. (A) PLS-DA analysis of clinical non-targeted metabolomics (n = 50); (B) Permutation analysis of clinical non-targeted metabolomics; (C) heatmap analysis of clinical non-targeted metabolomics; (D) pathway enrichment analysis of clinical non-targeted metabolomics; (E) Receiver operating characteristic curve of 5-HTP in serum of clinical patients; (F) The level of 5-HTP in serum of clinical patients, (G) PLS-DA analysis of targeted metabolomics in mice (n = 3); (H) Permutation analysis of targeted metabolomics in mice; (I) L-tryptophan content in mouse serum; (J) Heatmap analysis of targeted metabolomics in mice.