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. 2025 Apr 30;6:1570042. doi: 10.3389/froh.2025.1570042

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© 2025 Warner, Sahara, Herzog, Nör, Castilho, Polverini and Nör.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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ALDH^highCD44^high cells form more spheres and exhibit enhanced self-renewal capabilities compared to ALDH^lowCD44^low cells. (A,B) Line and bar graphs showing sphere number after sorting and serial dilution of UM-HACC-2A and UM-HACC-14 cells. p < 0.05. (C,D) Photomicrographs of spheres generated from ALDH^highCD44^high and ALDH^lowCD44^low cells. (E) Bar graphs displaying the average number of secondary spheres generated with UM-HACC cell lines after 7 days.